A Meaningful Place to You

A dream made into reality. That is how I perfectly describe Disneyland in Florida. As far as I know, this is the only Disneyland which is called the Walt Disney World. Maybe because it is the biggest Disneyland among the rest of those situated in other places like Japan, Hong Kong and Los Angeles.This place is indeed a meaningful place for me because it is the fruit of my labor. I earned hard to be in this place. My visit to this place also proves my confidence being there without any of my family members. This is a dream come true for me because I made a meaningful experience out of my meaningful sacrifices just to get there.Set in Orlando, Florida the Walt Disney World is different from other Disneyland theme parks that I've been in. All of my trips to Disneyland in Japan, Los Angeles and Hong Kong were all planned by my parents.I've been there without any friend or girlfriend because it calls out for family affairs only. I can say that I also enjoyed being in those places because I am with my dear family but my experience at Walt Disney World Florida is a gargantuan event because I went there without asking any help from my family.What is really exciting about my trip there is that I was with friends of my age. It is also a romantic experience because I was with my beloved girlfriend which is also a dream come true for me to be with her on that very special place.It was very easy for me to ask permission from my mom and dad to visit Disneyland, Florida. I just give them an assurance that I will take care of myself and not to get into any troubles while staying there with mu friends and girlfriends. It was indeed a happy journey heading towards the place.Visiting Disneyland made our friendship even tighter and my relationship with my girlfriend even lovelier. We arrive there early because it was really a huge place to visit. There are four renowned theme parks and two water parks to visit. Aside from that there are golf courses, hotels and other establishment s that made way for our enjoyments.The first theme park that we went to is the Magic Kingdom. Here, we were able to see Disney characters and the Cinderella Castle which became my girlfriend's favorite. I am really happy to see her smiling all the time that we were in the Magic Kingdom. There are also rides which we all enjoyed riding from one ride to another.Then we proceed to the Epcot. It is the second theme park in Disneyland, Florida which s divided into 2 beautiful sections the World Showcase and the Futuristic World. We enjoyed viewing the futuristic world because it shows how the future will look like. It displays advancement that will happen in the future.How life will look like years from now that will improve people's way of living. World Showcase on the other hand shows other nations and their culture, entertainment, food, attractions and many more. It is like traveling out of the country and going to countries like China, Mexico, Italy, Germany and many more.Before goin g to the next theme park, we decided to eat first. I am proud to say that being in that place made me feel more proud of myself. This is because I went there with my own savings and without any cent from my parents.It was a meaningful place because I am the one who organized our trip to that place and it was really a success. I even missed out one dear friends birthday because of going there but I'm sure he does understand why I wasn't able to join that special occasion.The next destination that we went to is the Hollywood Studios. It is a theme park that made us feel were in the movies too. We get to see amazing special effects from block buster movies and enjoyed rides which are really thrilling.We also went to the Disney's Animal Kingdom the fourth theme park in Disneyland, Florida. It is composed of real like animal figures and interactive rides. My girlfriend even got scared on dinosaur figures because of the safari ride which made dinosaurs come to life.There are also other at tractions in the Walt Disney World. There are water parks and golf courses within the vicinity of Disneyland Florida. There are also people who does surfing and skiing there.Night time comes and we got to see beautiful fireworks displays there. The fact that I was with my girlfriend that time made the moment really romantic. It was my very first time to see fireworks in the United States and I felt really happy. My hard work pays off because it is such a priceless moment being in that magical place.It was a dream come true to visit the place because it shows how confident I became going there without any family member with me. It also symbolizes our friendship and of course my great love for my girlfriend because I was able to spend moments with her in Disneyland. Until this time, whenever I get sad I just recall those times that I am at Disneyland, Florida and the memory makes me smile and smile all day. It represents a part of me because I was able to go there from my hard work an d my confidence.

Christian Ethics Problem Essay

1. What is the biblical basis for the Jubilee 2000’s call for the immediate canceling of the debts of all HIPCs? Answer: Leviticus 25:14 says â€Å"You shall not oppress one another.† The lending countries loaned money at interest rates in excess knowing that the HIPCs could not pay those debts off in the future, and that is a means of oppression. Leviticus 25:25-28 is where the name Jubilee comes from. Basically, it says that if a man is poor and needs money, he can sell his items. Either he can pay off the debt and get his items back, a family member can do this for him, or upon the year of Jubilee the items are returned to the original owner and the debt is forgiven. 2. What conditions do you believe should accompany debt relief to developing countries? Answer: Out of all the choices on pages 218-219 in the Stapleford text, I have chosen three conditions that I believe are most important (although I do believe all 9 of them should be used): a. Preferential option for the poor with respect to the spending of the funds saved. I believe that if you want someone to believe in you, you have to believe in yourself. It goes back to Chapter 1 in the Stapleford text when he spoke about an individual having self-interest (without excess). If a country wants to get better, it has to invest in its people- education, roads, utilities, healthcare, AIDS/Ebola/Malaria/other disease prevention and treatment, loans available to farmers and small business owners. b. The institution of social security systems. Cap military spending to avoid governments backing militias for political gain. No loans for countries persecuting any religious group. No spending the money going to war, instead investing it in long-term peace-keeping operations. c. Investment by developed countries in technology needed to foster developing-country development. This closely ties in with my first choice, but I want to combine another condition (institution and enforcement if environmental policies and regulations). The country should not only invest in its people but also in itself as a country. Using environmentally safer procedures will help preserve the natural resources of the developing country. At the same time, money should be invested in advancing  technologies to help its people. Schools should have technologies to bring their people up and close the gap between higher developing countries. Technologies to improve roads and utilities while also focusing on â€Å"Going Green.† And, of the highest importance to me, invest in medical research and technologies. I can only pray that I will live to see the discovery of the AIDS cure. 3. Why has the application of the World Bank’s Structural Adjustment policies been counter-productive in many developing countries? Answer: In some countries, the reduction of government spending had the same effect as restrictive fiscal policies which aggravated an already recessionary market. Less money in circulation increased unemployment and lowered aggregate demand. This also put upward pressure on interest rates, and low-income farmers and businesses could not rise to meet these new rates. Exports were cheaper, but prices were falling. Import costs rose, putting domestic producers in a position where new parts and technologies were harder to obtain. All of this increased the gap between the upper class and the poor.

A Sense of Sin Essay Example for Free

A Sense of Sin Essay ? No one doubts the presence of evil in the world. We experience it in a variety of ways: national and international conflict; domestic and street violence; political and corporate corruption; and a host of manifestations of sexism, clericalism, racism, ageism, and other violations of justice. All such forms of brutality, disorder and discrimination, seem from a theological perspective, are rooted in sin. But do we ever recognize the sin and name it as such? 1 For some reason, sin seems to have lost its hold on us as a way of accounting for and naming so much of the evil we know. Among the many other reasons, the eclipse of the religious world view through the rise of the secular spirit accounts significantly for the loss of the sense of sin. In fact, in his post-synodal exhortation, Reconciliatio et Penitentia (1984), Pope John Paul II credits â€Å"secularism† above all with contributing to a loss of a sense of sin.2 The secular spirit questions the relevance and meaning of all Christian symbols, and even of religion itself. One effect of this secular spirit on the meaning of sin, for example, has been to reduce sin to some form of psychological or social disorder. The therapeutic perspective which pervades the secular spirit looks on behavior as either healthily adaptive-problem-solving behavior, or as unhealthy, nonadaptive, and problem-creating behavior.3 It does not call the latter sin. For a survey at major attempts in the past twenty years to explore the mystery of sin, see James A. O’Donohue, â€Å"Toward a Theology of Sin: A Look at the Last Twenty Years,† Church 2 (Spring 1986): 48-54. 2 The other factors of a non-ecclesial nature which John Paul II lists as errors made in evaluating certain findings of the human sciences, deriving systems of ethics from historical relativism, and identifying sin with neurotic guilt. Within the thought and life of the Church, certain trends have also contributed to the loss of the sense of sin. Among these he lists the movement from seeing sin everywhere to not recognizing it anywhere; from an emphasis on fear of external punishment to preaching a love of God that excludes punishment; from correcting erroneous consciences to respecting consciences but excluding the duty to tell the truth. Two other ecclesial factors are the plurality of opinions existing in the church on questions of morality and the deficiencies in the practice of penance. To restore a healthy sense of sin, the pope advocates â€Å"a sound catechetics, illuminated by the biblical theology of the covenant, by an attentive listening and trustful openness to the magisterium of the church, which never ceases to enlighten consciences, and by an ever more careful practice of the sacrament of penance.† See Origins 14 (December 20, 1984): 443-444, quotation at p. 444. 3 The research of the team headed by sociologist Robert Bellah which has produced Habits of the Heart (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), a study of the American beliefs and practices which give shape to our character and form our social order, shows that the therapist is the newest character forming American culture. See Chapter Two â€Å"Culture and Character: The Historical Conversation,† pp. 27-51, especially pp. 47-48. 2 Moreover, the secular, therapeutic perspective tends to look on persons more as victims of unconscious or socio-cultural influences than as agents of free actions. Psychiatrists Karl Menninger in Whatever Happened to Sin4 and M. Scott Peck in People of the Lie5 want to make full allowance for those conditions which cause people to do evil. Yet both insist on a strip of responsibility which cannot be negotiated away to these determining influences. While the behavioral sciences provide us with helpful explanations of human behavior, they do not give a full account. Sin is real, and we need a fresh way to get at it and call it what it is. What do we need to grasp in order to retrieve a sense of sin in an adult manner? Contemporary moral theology says a â€Å"sense of responsibility.† Christian theologians find in â€Å"responsibility† the essential theme of Christian faith and the central characteristic of the moral life. A leading Protestant theologian of this century, H. Richard Niebuhr, has done much to give impetus to the â€Å"responsibility† motif in Christian morality. 6 He summarizes the constituents of responsibility by describing the agent’s actions as a response to an action upon him in accordance with his interpretation of the latter action and with his expectation of response to his response; and all of this is in a continuing community of agents. (The Responsible Self, 65) Since God is present to us in and through all that makes up our lives so that we are never not in the presence of God, our responses to all our actions upon us include our response to God. As Niebuhr asserts, â€Å"Responsibility affirms: God is acting in all our actions upon you. So respond to all actions upon you as to respond to his action† (The Responsible Self, 126). If â€Å"being responsible† sums up the quality of character and action marking Christian moral living, sin will mark the failure to be fully responsible. â€Å"Responsibility† as a motif for the moral life has found its way into Catholic moral thinking with the strong support of the biblical renewal in the Catholic Church. Bernard Hà ¤ring, who has been instrumental in renewing Catholic moral thinking, has used this notion of â€Å"responsibility† with great success in reconstructing Catholic moral thought. Along with other Catholic theologians, Hà ¤ring has found in the biblical renewal a fresh theological framework and an orientation for understanding the moral life.7 We turn, then, to the biblical perspective on sin. Menninger, Whatever Happened to Sin? (New York: Hawthorn Books, Inc., 1973). Peck, People of the Lie (New York: Simon and Shuster, 1983). 6 See especially Niebuhr, The Responsible Self (New York: Harper & Row, 1963), pp. 61-65. 7 Bernard Hà ¤ring’s writings are vast and wide-ranging. His early three-volume work, The Law of Christ (Westminster: Newman Press, 1961, 1963, 1966), was one of the first major works by a Catholic moral theologian to rethink morality in light of the biblical renewal. His most recent three-volume work, Free and Faithful in Christ (New York: Seabury Press, 1978, 1979, 1981), is an expression of Hà ¤ring’s more mature thought. This work is not a revision of The Law of Christ, but a completely new work. Charles E. Curran, a student of Hà ¤ring, has followed his teacher’s lead in making efforts at renewing moral theology in light of the biblical renewal. Some of Curran’s pertinent articles are â€Å"The Relevancy of the Ethical Teaching of Jesus† and â€Å"Conversion: The Central Message of Jesus† in A New Look at Christian Morality (Notre Dame: Fides Publishers, Inc., 1968), pp. 1-23 and 25-71. From the Bible we see that Christian morality is primarily a â€Å"vocation.† This means that our life is a response to the word of God spoken to us preeminently in Jesus, but also in and through the people and events of our lives. From the perspective of vocation, wherein God calls and we respond, responsibility replaces obligation as the primary characteristic of the moral life. Also, the relationship that we establish with God in and through our responses to all things becomes the focal point of the moral life. From this point of view, practicing the presence of God becomes essential for Christian responsibility, Christian moral growth, and our awareness of sin. A consistent theme of contemporary theology has been that we cannot have a proper understanding of sin unless we have a proper understanding of the nature and implications of the covenant God has established with us. â€Å"Covenant† and â€Å"heart† are the dominant metaphors of biblical faith for understanding the moral life. They provide the biblical horizon against which to recognize sin. The two frequently used terms for sin in the Old Testament point to violations of relationships. Hattah is the most common term. Its meaning, â€Å"to miss the mark† or â€Å"to offend,† points to a purposeful action oriented toward an existing relationship. The existence of the relationship makes the offence or failure possible. Pesa, meaning â€Å"rebellion,† is a legal term denoting a deliberate action violating a relationship in community. The New Testament term for sin is hamartia. It connotes a deliberate action rooted in the heart and missing the intended mark. 8 These terms acquire theological significance when used in the context of the covenant which expresses the most personal kind of relationship between God and us. The primary aim of the covenant is that God loves us without our having done anything to attract God’s attention or to win that love. God’s covenant is a bond of completely gratuitous love, pure grace. But God’s initiative of love (grace) does not destroy our freedom. Unlike the Godfather, God makes an offer we can refuse. God’s offer of love awaits our acceptance. Once we accept the offer of love we commit ourselves to living as the covenant requires. The covenant context lifts the notion of sin out of a legalistic framework to set it on a level of a personal relationship with God. In worshipping the golden calf (Ex 32), Israel missed the mark of covenant love, or sinned, not so much because Israel broke one of the laws of the covenant, but because Israel broke the personal bond of love of which the law was an external expression. The law was not to be the final object of Israel’s fidelity. God was. Sin in the Bible is not merely breaking a law. Sin is breaking or weakening the God-given bond of love. The law was an aid to Israel’s fidelity and pointed to the responsibilities of being in relationship to God. A Sense of Sin. (2016, Dec 10).

International Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

International Marketing - Essay Example Traditional thoughts and practices of limiting one company with in the geographical boundaries of the country are obsolete today. Companies, across the globe, are striving to get into newer markets in the form of newer countries. International marketing has become the very integral part of almost all companies of the present world. According to Doole and Lowe, â€Å"At its simplest level, international marketing involves the firm in making one or more marketing mix decisions across national boundaries. At its most complex level, it involves the firm in establishing manufacturing facilities overseas and coordinating marketing strategies across the globe†(Doole & Lowe, 2001). Established in 2000, Initial Fashions has been known for its unique and creative yet qualitative designs. The philosophy of the company states that fashion should ideally reflect latest art and design and is much more than just a consumption phenomena. The leading fashion house of Hong Kong also believes that the fashion should reflect one’s inner and the outer qualities. The company is credited for its rigorous support in the relevant happenings and events of art and culture. Initial Cafà © provides whole lot of beverages and food items and includes Espresso, Siphon Coffee, special drinks, cake, cookies, salad and sandwiches. Ice Moca, the food item which has cocoa flavour upon the taste of coffee is made by mixing coffee beans bought from various countries. Dark chocolate is then added to establish the cocoa flavour. The cafà © division of the Initial Fashion which uses antique furniture to slow down the pace of the citizen’s life at the ever-busy shopping centers and streets of Hong Kong has all the attributes to venture in the market of United Kingdom and be successful. As the cafà © belongs to the service industry, the most important condition to be successful is to maintain the quality. And with the reputation that Initial Cafà © has, there is little doubt about it’s

How Do Executed Offenders React To Their Punishments - Death Penalties Essay

How Do Executed Offenders React To Their Punishments - Death Penalties - Essay Example Other inmates hold onto the grudge. They are not sorry, and not affected by the sentences they are given. Others redeem themselves. They accept their crimes. At times they go further and apologize to the affected family. The various ways are explained in depthbelow. A major reaction to this punishment is mental illness. Mental illness is a condition characterized by impairments of one’s cognitive abilities. This impairment may also be behavioral functioning. The impairments are caused by head trauma in our case. An estimate of 5-10% of death row inmates has the problem of mental illness. Research has also shown that nearly all the inmates who are on death row suffer from brain damage. This is as a result of illness or trauma. All creaturesshudder at the thought of destruction. Human are survival animals. When one has no option to his survival, everything breaks down. The fabricant of humanity shuttered. This shutter is mental disorientation. Inmates are diagnosed by doctors an d those who have mental illness isolated. Diagnosis is done but the inmates refuse medication. Those awaiting execution are resolved to their fate. They see no reason for staying alive while you are condemned to die. The thought is ironical on its own. Some are even happy that they are sick. They even go ahead and neglect any dosages. Though there are forced dosages, this is not the solution. Some illnesses take more than medicine to heal. Mental illness is one, will is required. The inmate may be forced to treatment, but the will is important. Resolution to die makes healing difficult. Some inmates go ahead and self-admit their crimes. A good example here is Stanley â€Å"Tookie† Williams. Mr. Williams is a Nobel nominee: An author, Nobel Peace and Literature Prizes nominee. Mr. Williams was a co-founder of Crips. Crips is a Los Angeles-based street gang. The gang is responsible for hundreds of murders. Mr. Williams was convicted of four counts of murder. After a number of y ears of incarceration, Mr. Williams underwent a religious conversion. It was in this time that he authored his books. He went on and became admitted of his own crime and violence. He redeemed himself. He turned his life to uniqueness of unusual good works. Mr. Williams was executed by lethal injection. Though there was circumstantial evidence, Mr. Williams illustrated the other side of the coin. He illustrated how complex morality of the death penalty is. It is widely expected a death row inmate to be hostile. It is socially acceptable if he conforms to hate. Redemption, though expected, is unique. Mr. Williams reacted to the death penalty by redeeming himself. Other inmates become affiliated to the death row syndrome. Psychologists and lawyers argue that death row inmates develop phenomenons as they await execution. This phenomenon is called thedeath row phenomenon. The psychological effect of this phenomenon results to the death row syndrome. The living conditions on the death row have its effects. Some inmates turn to become suicidal. Other inmates become delusional. Others are pushed to insanity. The conditions that inmates face as they await execution are destruction to one’spsychology. The psychological damage is as torture. The more the waiting period, the more the torture. This makes the prisoner depressed. Some inmates are often forced to trying escaping from prison. Those on escape try colloquial ways that would make sure there is no going back. It’

Nature of management and new technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nature of management and new technology - Essay Example To begin with, management has to co-create value with customers (Hill & Jones 2009, p. 96). This is because organizations are existing an age whereby consumers possess considerable information about given products and services. Organizations should utilize this awareness to collaborate with customers on the creation of products. In the current set up, organizations can use various tools in communicating with customers. For instance, the e-mail messaging system is helpful in sending information and receiving immediate feedback In addition, the management will consider an open administration framework. Innovation in communication media has given rise to various tools, which can be employed for correspondence (Arthur 2009, P. 56). This allows the enlargement of departments since it is easy to have correspondence among a large group of people. The management has become more visible to employees, as managements can easily utilize communication applications such as WhatsApp groups in communicating information to a large group of individuals simultaneously. It also becomes easy to immediately receive feedback from a corresponding number of people. More essentially, managements will have to form collaborative partnerships with stakeholders in suppliers in achieving

International Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Management - Essay Example The firm needs to be restructured to keep up with its international growth and a plan needs to be developed to change the organization to fit its new multinational status. Tossavainen (2005, pg. 1) claims that, "the utilization of an enterprise resource planning system in an multinational enterprise can be explained by the following elements: 1) organizational awareness, 2) imperfect autonomy, 3) change orientation, 4) transformation triggers, 5) Enterprise Resource Planning system impact, and 6) successful performance. The implementing organization defines ERP, it must reflect the MNE strategies and management. Therefore, new organizational capabilities are required for the implementing organization to achieve the promised benefits associated with the ERP." In order to implement effective solutions, careful organization and planning must be followed. A model needs to be developed that can be followed carefully. An ERP must be enabled for long-term use. In order to accomplish this, one way is to implement it through "initial implementation, enhancements, deployment rollouts, support of the use, and upgrades" (Tossavainen, 2005, pg. 1). It is also suggested that organizational mechanisms are updated. Multinational enterprises are fascinating to research due to their state of constant change. The information systems that are used in multinational enterprises make it difficult for uniformity across the board since the branches of the organization are located in many different locations. Fortunately, new information systems are now being developed that solve this problem, such as enterprise resource planning systems. They are designed to "integrate operational data with logistics business processes" (Tossavainen, 2005, pg. 1). Thanks to enterprise resource planning solutions, businesses can now operate comfortably on a global scale. What the Literature Says About the Subject Research is being prompted in this area due to the increasing complexity of multinational enterprise management. It is also being prompted because much enterprise resource planning research that is already in existence is ambiguous in nature and there is much failure in implementation of the systems. According to Tossavainen (2005, pg. 1), "A new permanent organization structure that integrates business and information technology (IT) domains is needed to accomplish variety of tasks related to the ERP system." How a Firm Gains a Status of Multinational Corporation According to Tossavainen (2005, pg. 1), "An MNE has several units across separate geographical locations with different degrees of freedom in their activities. Hence, an MNE is geographically, time-wise and environmentally (both externally and internally) diverse." Part II Introduction This scenario introduces the case of a company that sells underwear for men and women. The manager has decided to invest into a firm in Romania that will produce the product for the company. As such, he is sending a manager for the subsidiary, an accountant, and an engineer for the Romanian firm. A Plan for Organizational Change in a Multinational Enterprise The basic outline for the organizational plan change in this

Argumentative research paper on Airport security versues Civil rights

Argumentative on Airport security versues Civil rights violated - Research Paper Example Security systems have been streamlined to keep the common goal of fighting terrorism alive across the world, with the most threatened countries making stringent efforts for the same. Such security systems have been facilitated at the airports, targeting international air travelers which are a common channel for terrorist activities (Basrky, 33). Stringent security searches have however faced profound criticism across the world. Whereas general rules guiding the conduct of security offices performing security searches and other procedures in airport security checks provide for humane treatment of the public, it is debatable as to whether it can actually take place. This is because there are two challenges that face the delicate issue of national and international security. First, the inherent human errors affecting officials even in other areas of service delivery could also affect the security department. Secondly, the public opinion has proved to be skeptical even in as serious as s ecurity is. The following text is an analysis of criticism launched against security systems at the airports, within the context of violation of civil rights. Alternatively, there are concluding remarks at the end of the analysis. Criticism has particularly been staged against airport security systems due to the violation of human rights that the public is exposed to (Committee on Commercial Aviation Security, 43). Personal space is intruded when the searches conducted in the airport reveal extra and irrelevant details of personal privacy and space. Some security checks are intrusive and against the reasonable intention that a similar exercise should achieve. The use of tactile searches is demeaning to the individuals undergoing it. The extensive tactile searches applied in the guise of searching for weapons and explosives are unnecessary and better methods and techniques should be devised. The objective of the search is in many instances not clearly brought out in the

Research on the working environment in Tesco Essay

Research on the working environment in Tesco - Essay Example Tesco deals mainly with grocery items and general merchandising retail chain. If the global sales and domestic market share of the company are taken into account the company is found to be the largest British retailer by far. The profit of the company exceeded  £2 billion for the year 2008 and it is believed that the profit will be much higher in the year 2009. The company mainly focuses upon food and drink but it has also started dealing in clothes, financial services, internet services etc. â€Å"Tesco started life in 1919 when Jack Cohen started selling surplus groceries from a stall in the East End of London. Mr. Cohen made a profit of  £1 from sales of  £4 on his first day.† (A History of Tesco, http://www.tescoplc.com/plc/about_us/ tesco_story/#, viewed on 1st February 2009) Tesco made its debut in the year 1924 when Jack Cohen emerged as tea suppliers introducing Tesco Tea in the UK market. It was the first own-brand of Jack Cohen-TE Stockwell partnership. The year 1929 marked the opening of a store in North London and the company rapidly developed from there. The head quarters of the company was established in North London in 1930s. In 1932 it became a private limited company. Tesco has grown to be really big so it is very difficult and complex to study its operations in a comprehensive way. So this research study will be limited in its quantitative dimension. The questionnaires and interviews will be conducted on a very limited number of Tesco stores in the U.K. Due to limitations of the resources it is not possible to conduct a comprehensive quantitative study. On the other hand, the qualitative dimension of this research project will be much more comprehensive since it is easier to find secondary data for the Literature Review. So the strength of this research study will be focused on its qualitative dimension. Information for the conduct of this study has been

Carl Jung and His Theories Essay Example for Free

Carl Jung and His Theories Essay Carl Jung’s theories are interesting. He studied the personality as something very important to a personit is embedded within us and is what emerges to the outside world so as to be seen by others. His three principles: opposition, equivalence and entropy is quite great and for me, really describe every humans’ way of interacting with their environment and the way they come to pursue and continue everyday life. I find it true enough that humans have this general life energy (libido) and uses it in everything they do. All of us are rational beings and we always have these drives to get on with things we often feel that need to be done. Through our consciousness and unconsciousness, we are able to get past every obstacle and track our â€Å"missions† in life. Carl Jung explained in his theories that humans do tend to become someone in order to be accepted by other people and to succeed in life. And for me, he is trying to convince all of us that every human, young or old, are born to have visions and views in life, different aspect within us, and a will to be free and be happy—yet all of these are not totally within our reach because of our differences. That’s why Jung, for me, was able to explain why and how people uses different mechanisms to live happily or even just be able to go on with life with his theories. I, as a person, can relate my personality to some of Jung’s theories. I can say that I am an: †¢Introverted feeling type because in this personality type, it is said that one is capable of deep emotions but avoid any outward expression of it. Yes, this describes me because I am the type of person that is strong on the outside yet fragile on the inside. I tend to really suppress all my emotions because I am afraid to be criticized and be rejected by the people around me especially that most of them are stereotypes. †¢Extraverted thinking type because an individual having this type represses one’s feelings and emotions, is objective in all aspects of life, rigid and cold, and scientist. As what I have said earlier, I hide my emotions to avoid criticism. Also, I always have plans in everything I do in order to achieve positive outcomes even in the simplest things I make, thus making me  rigid and cold since in line with achieving in life, I lean on focusing to myself and not with others. †¢Introverted thinking type because this personality type describes the person as intensely concerned with privacy and understanding to oneself rather than other people. I always prioritize privacy and I can’t live without it. I always keep secrets because I don’t trust the people around me that much and I can’t risk my privacy to them†¦ and due to this, I am more understanding to myself than others because my philosophy in life is to make the best out of myself first before others. Some may say that I am selfish and greedy but that’s what I am, I always give myself the most priority I could give. Every person is different and unique. You may find someone who is like you or like the person you know but lying deep within us is someone only us can discover—if we can. We must respect each other in every way because we are made equal and that everyone should be treated in the same way.

WikiLeaks: Ethics vs Execution

WikiLeaks: Ethics vs Execution WikiLeaks is a website which was founded in 2006 by the Australian Programmer Julian Assange, and its purpose ever since, has been to leak and expose illegal or immoral government actions around the world. WikiLeaks, however, is not a simple hacking group and through careful planning of the release of government documents, it has promoted slander on those who the members of WikiLeaks may not like, therefore unethically promoting a political agenda. However, not everything WikiLeaks has released is of bad taste; some of the documents, in fact, have shown the disgraceful actions which the governments of various countries have committed and tried to hide. This does not excuse the damage to political figures which are named in the released documents. Even though WikiLeaks exposes immoral government actions, this organization must be censored because it unethically promotes slander and harms political figures. WikiLeaks has shown that it wants to foist an anti-establishment opinion upon its readers by slandering and promoting slander against the government. The release of the Iraq War Logs in 2010 by WikiLeaks was very quickly condemned by the United States and United Kingdom who suggested the disclosures put lives at risk. (Karhula). The documents of the leak showed its readers that the government was hiding something from its people and while they were, it should not have been a serious scandal in war times. It should be known that wars have casualties and the files state that civilians in Afghanistan were killed but WikiLeaks promoted the concept that this was a serious issue which would encourage strong distrust and dislike of the government. The release of every secret document in the War in Afghanistan is not necessarily for the peoples benefit as it is a mistake to assume that revealing the entirety of what has been secret will liberate us (Ã…Â ½iÃ…Â ¾ek). While knowing how ones government operates can benefit participation in politics, it is detrimental to the people to know what horrible actions had to be made during a war. The information released by WikiLeaks is also not extraordinary, but rather confirmation of what many perceive the government as. The scandal around WikiLeaks released documents is false because much of the information revealed by WikiLeaks is not extraordinary or revolutionary (Eco 219). Torture and death, ubiquitous in the Iraq War logs and Afghan War Diary, is a subject which many people refuse to discuss even though it is used by the United States in a time of war. While many speak out against torture, it is still used on Americans and by Americans in Foreign countries during a war. The revelations of the WikiLeaks documents are nothing more than a confirmation and detailed explanation of how exactly the United States government and army acts during war. With the lack of truth to the WikiLeaks scandal, the [distribution] to major newspapers (Ludlow) makes it even worse as WikiLeaks promoted its philosophy through mainstream media. By doing this, WikiLeaks was essentially forcing anti-establishmentarianism upon its readers, and forcing a reaction from the government. The two possible reactions from the government would be an increase or decrease in security, which would slowdown efficiency or force the government to stop taking risks, both detrimental to the operation of the United States. Through WikiLeaks methods of releasing information and promoting an anti-establishment belief, it encourages that the United States people slander the governments name, in the hope that the government changes its policies of security. Even though some of the actions performed by WikiLeaks are unethical and detrimental to society, the ideology of freedom of information, is a reasonable and good-natured one. In March 2007, WikiLeaks released the Guantanamo prison camp standard operating manual for the United States military which revealed that some prisoners were placed outside of Red Cross allowed areas, even though the government denied this previously (Karhula). The release of the Guantanamo manual had beneficial implications as it encouraged a better understanding of war and foreign policy from United States citizens. The lie by the government shown by the Guantanamo manual gave insight into how the United States military operated. The release of the Guantanamo manual showed the United States public that there were lies in the government. Even though the Iraq War Logs and Afghan War Diary promoted unreasonable distrust, they both informed the public of the horror of war. The philosophy behind WikiLeaks releases follows hacktivist culture, which in philosophy, is beneficial as the political compass of these hacktivist groups has never pointed true right or true left (Ludlow). WikiLeaks promotion of freedom of information is not meant to sway someone one way or another, it is simply meant to inform and make the reader aware of the world and their government. Even though information may change ones political opinion, WikiLeaks is not trying to force one specific ideology. The leaks are meant to show that the government should not always be trusted, even though they encourage a complete disconnect from, or reconfiguration of the government. It is true that the government should not always be trusted, and the voting public of the United States should understand this. While WikiLeaks execution of releasing information is flawed, the major implication of WikiLeaks is that no government in the world will be able to maintain areas of secrecy if it continues to entrust its secret communications and its archives to the Internet or other forms of electronic memory (Eco 219) which may be beneficial. WikiLeaks is something of a warning to the governments of the world, saying that they cannot entrust secret information to the internet anymore. This fear of being hacked which WikiLeaks has instilled in governments should make them more secure and stronger. Who is to say a terrorist organization cannot hack the United States government like WikiLeaks has? While some may consider WikiLeaks a terrorist group, it is simply doing what a potential terrorist could do in the future without action. WikiLeaks release of information also encourages people to bring about a different functioning of power that might reach beyond the limits of representative democracy (Ã …Â ½iÃ…Â ¾ek) which can be beneficial to United States citizens. The representative democracy of the United States is currently limited in its true ability to represent people, somewhat due to the secrets which representatives could hold. The information released by WikiLeaks works to encourage a better society where people know and like their representatives in the government. While it is true that uprooting the current form of democracy is not going to happen any time soon, WikiLeaks is placing in the minds of its readers that the government is flawed and should be improved. This is not what most readers have gained from WikiLeaks, however, and it has not been successful. Even though WikiLeaks has a generally good philosophy and mission, the execution and results so far have proven to hurt individuals more than help the United States public. This can be seen in the initial reaction to the releasing of 251,000 State Department Cables which may have changed the world (Greenberg 3). Department Cables or telegrams are confidential text messages exchanged between members of foreign embassies and their parent country. The release of the State Department Cables and public reaction made it clear to the Obama administration that people were not in his favor. When Obama said that he would pull troops from Iraq, many believed this to be a reaction to the Iraq War Logs, and while it was good that soldiers would be returning, this may have been against Obamas free will as president. Because of the extreme backlash from the public on the Iraq war logs, the Obama administration was quick to distance itself from WikiLeaks (Thompson-Jones 287). As soon as the leaks ca me out and showed Obama in a bad light, citizens were fast to change opinions of him and this hurt his ability to function as president. While WikiLeaks did not directly attack Obama, the leaks of the United States government hurt him and caused diplomatic issues. Another more prominent instance of WikiLeaks harming a political figure is the Hillary Clinton email scandal. In March 2015, 55,000 pages of supposedly delated emails on a personal account were leaked by WikiLeaks (Thompson-Jones 284) While Clintons leaked emails were not of illegal nature, they distracted the public from her presidential campaign (Thompson-Jones 290) and hurt her image as she was running for president. The leaked emails displayed Clintons poor decisions in foreign policy and must have swayed the opinions of some who were going to vote for her. While WikiLeaks may have not had a direct agenda against Clinton, the leak provided people information against her and reason not to vote. The reason WikiLeaks had such an impact with little repercussions is because the it is almost completely anonymous. One of the most dangerous implications of anonymity is that of assassination politics: assassinating a political figure to achieve a political agenda (Greenberg 117). While Wi kiLeaks does not specifically promote assassination politics, the leaks can be used by anyone how is willing to go to that level. WikiLeaks has not been a direct cause of harm to politicians but it encourages direct harm with the methods it uses to leak information through the press and news stories. WikiLeaks seems to be a good idea, and on the surface, it is, but the implications and reactions to WikiLeaks are detrimental to the United States society and livelihood of some. Even though WikiLeaks should be censored, it most likely never will be, at least not completely. There are still thousands of hackers and whistle-blowers who will continue WikiLeaks if its founder is imprisoned. Word Count: 1616 Works Cited Eco, Umberto. Thoughts on WikiLeaks. Inventing the Enemy, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston, NY, 2012, pp. 217-222. Greenberg, Andy. Prologue. This Machine Kills Secrets: How WikiLeakers, Cypherpunks and Hacktivists Aim to Free the Worlds Information, Dutton, New York, NY, 2012, pp. 1-8. Karhula, PÃ ¤ivikki. What Is the Effect of WikiLeaks for Freedom of Information? FAIFE Spotlight, IFLA, 5 Oct. 2012, www.ifla.org/publications/what-is-the-effect-of-wikileaks-for-freedom-of-information. Ludlow, Peter. WikiLeaks and Hacktivist Culture. The Nation, Katrina Vanden Heuvel, 29 June 2015, www.thenation.com/article/wikileaks-and-hacktivist-culture/. Thompson-Jones, Mary. 251,287 Leaked Cables. To The Secretary: Leaked Embassy Cables and Americas Foreign Policy Disconnect, W.W. Norton and Company, New York, NY, 2016, pp. 24-34. Ã…Â ½iÃ…Â ¾ek, Slavoj. Good Manners in the Age of WikiLeaks. London Review of Books, Nicholas Spice, 20 Jan. 2011, www.lrb.co.uk/v33/n02/slavoj-zizek/good-manners-in-the-age-of-wikileaks.

Topics as Photographs :: Writing

â€Å"Writers are like photographers,† Donald Murray reminds us.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The photographer doesn’t snap a picture while scanning an   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  entire scene. Instead he selects a single focus (239-240).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This analogy was exceptionally powerful to me. The idea of looking through a camera lens out at an event or a topic just has wonderful possibilities. You could do a panoramic photo, including the wide picture, seeing how many pieces fit together. On the other hand, you could use the high-powered zoom lens to get up close and magnify a single element of the photo. Even the photographer’s decision to use black and white or color film to make a particular statement can translate into a writer’s decision to use sparse exposition or flowery prose to create a desired effect. A question that occurs to me that I might ask my students is this: â€Å"If your topic was a photograph, what would it look like?† Would it have lots of characters in it, or just one? Is the physical setting the most important element, or rather the expression on the subject’s face? And on and on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Maybe this speaks to me because I am the yearbook editor, and one of the biggest jobs of the publications staff is to find the right picture to tell the story. From an entire role of film, we might get just one or two usable photos; or none. Or we might have so many to choose from that we have to select the best angle and/or composition. Those words, â€Å"angle† and â€Å"composition† are writing words as well as visual arts terms. Out of a notebook full of drafts, I might find the same dilemmas -- not enough or too much usable raw material for a piece of writing.

Music Censorship Essay -- social issues

Music Censorship Healthy debates have been caused by today's music. Generally, foul language has rapidly increased within modern popular song lyrics, especially among rap and heavy metal artists' songs. An increase in explicit violence and misogyny in popular music lyrics has been recorded. These lyrics have been judged to be inspirations for violent, suicidal, and criminal acts. For example, Mr. Raymond Kuntz referred to his son's incident. ''When his wife went to wake their son for school, they found him dead of a gunshot wound, still wearing his headphones with Marilyn Manson's Anti-Christ Superstar CD still in the player. The boy's favorite song was ''The Reflecting God (Nina Crowley, ''Senate Hearings on Music, Newsgroup at page 2, November 15, 1997).'' However, the artists and producers defend the musical lyrics, and claim that these acts come purely from self-inspiration, not extrinsic influence such as their music. If this were true, then why would 59 % of substance abusers name heavy metal a s their favorite type of music? ( Javier Martin, ''Separating Fact from Fiction: Rock Music and Violence'' November 28, 1997, page 2). Most teenagers listen to popular music, and learn from the words of the artists. Therefore, if an artist sets an example of being ''cool'' and performing harmful acts, a listener may reproduce his learned actions. ''Rappers call on their fans to kill, dismember, and smash the heads of teachers, and dumb cops (Peter Viles, ''Bulgaria's racist rap.'' World Press Review June 1996: Page 41).'' The entire world is affected by this reoccurring theme, since adolescents are influenced by music on a daily basis. Although almost everyone is directly affected, some people do not admit to profane music having a personal influence. ''People perceive media content to have greater impact on others than on themselves.'' (Douglas M. McLeod, ''Support for Censorship of Violent and Misogynic Rap Lyrics.'' Communication Research, April 1997: page 153). Naturally, the ma jority of youth is heavily influenced by music, and needs to be protected from the harm of obscene artists. Due to its negative affects upon society, I believe the government should further restrict music that has been specified as dangerous to the well being of the listeners. Contrary to many assumptions, modern youth is not protected enough from harmful music, even though ther... ... new laws to help harmful media reach younger listeners and viewers. New laws would essentially create a better future for society's youth. They would help prevent children from learning violent acts through example, and keep innocent people from being offended by foul language. The lyrical content of modern music has had a noticeable affect on the actions of all society. Few limitations have been applied to the availability of these horrid songs, so the ears of young children are still exposed to them. These children do not realize the affect it has upon them. ''People perceive media content to have a greater impact on others than on themselves (McLeod 1).'' Because the nation's youth is being subjected to these types of songs, children and teenagers are committing crimes, drinking alcohol, using drugs, and forming racist or sexist opinions. These actions are learned actions, and are based upon the words written for obscene music. Our country needs to evaluate this music carefully, which can protect our youth from further harm. ''Understanding the nature and extent of the influence of music violence may well be the first step for ensuring a more civil society (Crowley 2).''

Memoirs Of A Mountain High :: essays research papers

It was the summer of 94 when I took a Wilderness Leadership Semester from the Colorado Outward Bound School . Needless to say that it was the most emotional, challenging, and rewarding experience that I have had in all of my 19 ears of existence. One week spent running the Upper Green River in westernColorado and northern Utah. Through The Gates of the Ladour Canyon and Dinosaur National Monument, we floated to end where the Green meets the Colorado River just beyond Echo Canyon. The high desert canyons echoed with rapids ovarious classes; Hells Half Mile and Disaster Falls were the most memorable. Upon completion we headed to climbing camp in Wyoming at a place called Vedauwoo (va-da-vu).Two weeks of vigorous climbing these granite towers left many scars both physically and emotionally for this rock was indeed as sharp as knives. Somehow no matter hard climbed; even if successful, this rock always seemed to have the last say. By this time a month had passed and I was very grateful to have that one shower on the way to the Gore Range in Colorado. This section of the course was by far the most demanding, the mountaineering section. Stepping off the bus in Frisco, Colorado we looked back knowing that we were not to see civilization for at least a month. There were 8 men and women in my group from all over the country. Each one had a unique personality not knowing that we would all become closer to each other than family, possibly being dependent during life threatening situations which we experienced on many occasions. This in itself could be another long story. By the end of this section we were required to do what they call a solo. In addition to rest up for the 15 mile marathon and finals, (a week of travel) this was also used for reflecting on our experiences. The solo was for three days. During these three days we were all to be separated about a quarter to half mile apart, alone. All of our flashlights, candles, and watches were taken away along with any books which were left at base camp. All we were allowed to take was our clothes, a tarp(not a tent) which wasn't but 5ft by 2ft, a water bottle, a pencil, paper, and our iodine to purify the water.I also want to note that we had the choice to fast or take a survival pack which consisted of a few crackers and raisins. I wanted the full experience so I chose to fast. This was a trip in itself, no food for three days. My spot on this solo was at around

The use of relaxation techniques to increase self-confidence and reduce performance anxiety in squash players

AbstractThe effect of transcendental meditation on self-confidence is reported; one-way ANOVA revealed that self-confidence increases over time but only after 2 weeks of the start of the intervention. Qualitative data on the mechanisms of this effect reveal that it could be due to increased time for reflective practice and enhancing executive control. This is consistent with control theory (Jones, 1995) on the nature of performance anxiety in sport.IntroductionIn the domain of Sport Psychology, there is a substantial amount of theory and practice surrounding performance anxiety in practically all sporting contexts. Here two individuals will be presented with an identified deficit in one particular mental faculty which research suggests is pertinent to performance in sport. These two individuals play squash in competitive tournaments at University. Performance anxiety can vary in intensity and direction, and is a feeling of apprehension open to psychological interpretation and marked by biological indicators such as increased heart rate and galvanic skin responsiveness (Jones and Swain, 1993). Relaxation techniques refer here to any intervention aimed at either reducing or reinterpreting the anxiety than an individual is feeling (Hanton and Jones, 1999). Jones (1995) advocated the multidimensional anxiety conceptualisation and subsequently developed a model of control to separate the nature and genesis of beneficial and detrimental anxiety in the literature. The multidimensional nature of anxiety in this model refers to the different qualitative ways in which performance anxiety can vary such as the presence and nature of cognitive intrusions and the temporal patterning of the anxiety response. The cognitive ability of an individual to appraise their anxiety and maintain executive control over their perceptions will ultimately define whether this anxiety helps or hinders them during performance. There is empirical support for the notion that facilitative interpretation of anxiety and greater executive control can elevate performance (Jones, 1995; Jones, Hanton and Swain, 1994; Jones and Swain, 1993) but this theory is developed from an overview of past research, and does not substantially acknowledge the potential weaknesses of this research. Moreover it fails to enter into a thorough debate over the mechanisms which could be responsible for the differing interpretations of anxiety between people. Without this, interpretation is left to completely determine the effect of anxiety and therefore the effect becomes inherently unpredictable. Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump and Smith (1990) conceptualised cognitive and somatic anxiety as separate phenomena. They theorise that cognitive anxiety will be inversely related to performance and somatic anxiety will have an inverted U-shaped relationship with performance. Importantly these authors also found a positive linear relationship between self-confidence and performance. This suggests that some somatic anxiety is needed for optimal performance, and perhaps self-confidence is also needed to curb cognitive anxiety and maintain composure in the presence of somatic anxiety. It should be noted though that Martens et al. (1990) used an obsolete measure of anxiety (Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2) which does not incorporate measures of the athlete’s interpretation of their anxiety, focusing solely on intensity. This is a huge flaw since it is now widely acknowledged that psychologically talented and self-confident athletes can direct their anxiety towards facilitative ends (O’Brien, Hanton and Mellalieu, 2005). Jones, Hanton and Swain (1994) suggest that it is the interpretation of anxiety which is of upmost importance. But the causes of differences in interpretation are not explored in this research. There is some evidence to suggest that self-confidence; the belief in one’s own ability to successfully complete the task at hand has a substantial influence over an individual’s ability to control or direct their anxiety (Carver and Scheier, 1988; Jones et al., 1994; Hanton, Mellalieu and Hall, 2004). This study will therefore focus on the effectiveness of an often used intervention; relaxation strategies in improving self-confidence.HypothesisThere will be significant improvement in participants’ self-confidence after relaxation therapy. This increased self-confidence will significantly improve performance.Literature reviewWith the proposed theoretical frameworks outlined above in mind, there are many potential interventions which could be suggested to act on the propose d source of negative performance. This review will focus on research into the effects of relaxation therapies on the state of mind of athletes in competitive environments. These include stress inoculation training, mental imagery, massage, EMG biofeedback, progressive relaxation and various forms of meditation. Stress inoculation training involves guided relaxation, mental imagery and making self-statements, it has been shown to be effective in improving gymnastic performance (Mace and Carroll, 1986). Mental imagery (Jones and Stuth, 1997) and massage (Jooste and Khumalo, 2012) have also shown to produce positive results. The above research measures success mainly in terms of stress and objective distress reduction, it did not however aim to help athletes to reinterpret their stress. Also individual differences pose a serious risk in terms of confounding variables in such research. A very important study here is Eppley, Abrams and Shear (1989) who examined the effects of various forms of relaxation therapy against each other. The effect sizes of the reduction in trait anxiety were reported, making this piece of research particularly prominent since not every study will report this statistic. The authors found that most therapies had similar effect sizes, but transcendental meditation had a significantly larger effect size. At the least this has implications to inform the type of interventions which are most effective at reducing anxiety, and the authors even made efforts to control for confounding variables to strengthen their conclusions. However the justification for this research is in question (at least in a sporting context) because of other research to show that anxiety can be beneficial depending on how it is interpreted (Jones et al., 1994). This means that anxiety should not necessarily be seen solely as something to be eliminated; perhaps a better res earch question would examine the qualities which cause people to differ in their interpretation of their anxiety, and suggested coping strategies should focus more on appraisal than reduction of anxiety. Transcendental meditation therapy was therefore settled upon for use in this study because unlike other therapies of this kind it offers ample opportunity for reflection and direction of anxiety which is so often cited as important (Hanton, Cropley and Lee, 2009). The control model and the theory or Martens et al. (1990) provide the theoretical rationale for this investigation.MethodParticipantsThe participants in this study were two individuals; one male, one female recruited from the University squash club who frequently competed in highly competitive tournaments. These two individuals were specifically identified using a short questionnaire administered just before the start of the tournament to identify weaknesses in self-confidence regarding squash performance. Participants were both aged 18-20 and considered themselves to be playing at a non-professional club level in highly competitive tournaments. Participants were verbally advised on the nature of the experiment and their fr eedom to withdraw at any time.InstrumentationThe dependent variable to measure is self-confidence. Competitive state anxiety was measured with the Revised Competitive State Anxiety-2 (Cox, Martens and Russell, 2003) but only the self-confidence sub-scale was used. The questionnaire is available in the appendix.Design and ProcedureParticipants were tested pre-intervention, at one week intervals during the intervention to monitor changes, and finally at post-intervention. Participants were not tested around the time of a tournament to avoid confounding effects of anxiety. After the intervention, semi-structured interviews were administered to both participants. A full transcript of these interviews is available in the appendix. The intervention consisted of three weeks of guided meditation, in which participants were encouraged to think deeply about meaningful things in their lives and to let their thoughts wander. They were encouraged also to think of themselves in relation to the wo rld. This style of transcendental meditation involves little guidance and a quiet, supportive environment in which self-expression is encouraged. Sessions lasted one hour and took place 4 times a week.ResultsA one-way repeated measures ANOVA was performed for both participants. Table 1 shows the descriptive statistics for the variables at each measurement period. As can be seen mean self-confidence ratings gradually increase with time during and after the intervention. The standard deviation also appears to increase however, showing more variability in ratings of self-confidence as therapy progresses. Table 1 Descriptive statistics for self-confidence ratings IntervalMeanStandard Deviation Pre-test183.2 Week 1154.1 Week 2245.7 Post-test284.6 Table 2 displays the post hoc tests for the comparisons between the measurements at the four time intervals. The overall ANOVA showed a significant effect of the treatment (F(3, 3)=9.356, p

Butterflies Essay

               In the name of Allah the most beneficent the most merciful A beautiful scene of dusk depicts a sweet picture of the universe, when the sun sets, and calm and stillness engulfs the loud voices of the day, I often see the birds returning back to their nests. These tiny creatures, lacking the faculty of reasoning and speech, believe that the best place ever found in the world is home. No matter how far we are from our homes, its necessity never diminishes and Mr. President, respectable teachers worthy parents and dear fellows this is the first reason Why I love Pakistan? Pakistan’s creation was no doubt the finest hour of our history our forefathers who had fought for it envisioned the promise of long cherished freedom, democracy and prosperity. It is the country which was created to work for an ideal democratic state based on social justice as an upholder of human freedom and world peace, in which all citizens were to enjoy equal rights and freedom from fear, want and ignorance. Dear fellows, Pakistan my homeland is in fact the land of blessings. Its creation speaks its dignity. History teaches us that how much cherished the dream of Pakistan was and how seriously our fathers fought for it .believe me or not, the most significant reason of loving Pakistan is independence movement itself. I know very well Mr. President that the shackles of slavery snatch all such all creative facilities and the beautiful world a heaven to breathe in, turns into hell without freedom. By the grace of Allah my country, my love, my homeland offers me to enjoy the open air of independence .Being a student I have surfaced the papers of history to know about the grand sacrifices of my forefathers and as humble token I express my gratitude to them by proudly announcing in public that Pakistan I love u . ,And I have millions of reasons to prove that why I love Pakistan? I was wondering a few days ago what Pakistan has done for me and how we react when someth ing happens down there. I am proud to say that Im Muslim, and after my religion I am most proud of the country to which I belong, Pakistan. Here are some facts: Pakistan is the only country to be founded on the basis of Islam Pakistan posseses the 6th largest army in the world today. Pakistan is the single most powerful Muslim country in the world today. Pakistani Air Force and Army personnel train all other Muslim countries, which include most Arab nations today. Pakistan is the only Muslim country that posseses Nuclear power. Pakistan is the bridge between the Middle East and South Asia. Pakistan is one of the oldest civilizations (5000 year known history), it is a mix of cultures Dear guests, I am a Pakistani student and citizen, I believe on unity and, friendship, I have no fear, I can see the bright future of Pakistan. as Quaid said.† There is no power on earth that can undo Pakistan†. In end I would pray all of you to love this country as a blessing of God, stand united, guard its identity and geographical boundaries, work day and night for its better and exalted image,. Live like Ghazis and Shaheens of Iqbal, die like martyrs. I want to salute to all national heroes and my teachers on this great day, when ever listen the best name Pakistan always respond Zindabad. Its high time to hold hands and say it out loud.pakistan zindabad.Salute Pakistan.

Industrial Policy

INDUSTRIAL POLICY SINCE 1956 When India achieved Independence in 1947, the national consensus was in favour of rapid industrialization of the economy which was seen not only as the key to economic development but also to economic sovereignty. In the subsequent years, India's Industrial Policy evolved through successive Industrial Policy Resolutions and Industrial Policy Statements. Specific priorities for industrial development were also laid down in the successive Five Year Plans.Building on the so-called â€Å"Bombay Plan†1 in the pre-Independence era, the first Industrial Policy Resolution announced in 1948 laid down broad contours of the strategy of industrial development. At that time the Constitution of India had not taken final shape nor was the Planning Commission constituted. Moreover, the necessary legal framework was also not put in place. Not surprisingly therefore, the Resolution was somewhat broad in its scope and direction. Yet, an important distinction was made among industries to be kept under the exclusive ownership of Government, i. e. the public sector, those reserved for private sector and the joint sector. Subsequently, the Indian Constitution was adopted in January 1950, the Planning Commission was constituted in March 1950 and the Industrial (Department and Regulation) Act (IDR Act) was enacted in 1951 with the objective of empowering the Government to take necessary steps to regulate the pattern of industrial development through licensing. This paved the way for the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956, which was the first comprehensive statement on the strategy for industrial development in India.Industrial Policy Resolution – 1956 The Industrial Policy Resolution – 1956 was shaped by the Mahalanobis Model of growth, which suggested that emphasis on heavy industries would lead the economy towards a long term higher growth path. The Resolution widened the scope of the public sector. The objective was to accelerate 1 Bombay Plan prepared by leading Indian industrialists in 1944-45 had recommended government support for industrialization, including a direct role in the production of capital goods. economic growth and boost the process of industrialization as a means to achieving a socialistic pattern of society. Given the scarce capital and inadequate entrepreneurial base, the Resolution accorded a predominant role to the State to assume direct responsibility for industrial development. All industries of basic and strategic importance and those in the nature of public utility services besides those requiring large scale investment were reserved for the public sector.The Industrial Policy Resolution – 1956 classified industries into three categories. The first category comprised 17 industries (included in Schedule A of the Resolution) exclusively under the domain of the Government. These included inter alia, railways, air transport, arms and ammunition, iron and steel and atomic energy. Th e second category comprised 12 industries (included in Schedule B of the Resolution), which were envisaged to be progressively State owned but private sector was expected to supplement the efforts of the State.The third category contained all the remaining industries and it was expected that private sector would initiate development of these industries but they would remain open for the State as well. It was envisaged that the State would facilitate and encourage development of these industries in the private sector, in accordance with the programmes formulated under the Five Year Plans, by appropriate fiscal measures and ensuring adequate infrastructure. Despite the demarcation of industries into separate categories, the Resolution was flexible enough to allow the required adjustments and modifications in the national interest.Another objective spelt out in the Industrial Policy Resolution – 1956 was the removal of regional disparities through development of regions with low industrial base. Accordingly, adequate infrastructure for industrial development of such regions was duly emphasized. Given the potential to provide large-scale employment, the Resolution reiterated the Government’s determination to provide all sorts of assistance to small and cottage industries for wider dispersal of the industrial base and more equitable distribution of income.The Resolution, in fact, reflected the prevalent value system of India in the early 1950s, which was centered around self sufficiency in industrial 3 production. The Industrial Policy Resolution – 1956 was a landmark policy statement and it formed the basis of subsequent policy announcements. Industrial Policy Measures in the 1960s and 1970s Monopolies Inquiry Commission (MIC) was set up in 1964 to review various aspects pertaining to concentration of economic power and operations of industrial licensing under the IDR Act, 1951.While emphasizing that the planned economy contributed to the grow th of industry, the Report by MIC concluded that the industrial licensing system enabled big business houses to obtain disproportionately large share of licenses which had led to pre-emption and foreclosure of capacity. Subsequently, the Industrial Licensing Policy Inquiry Committee (Dutt Committee), constituted in 1967, recommended that larger industrial houses should be given licenses only for setting up industry in core and heavy investment sectors, thereby necessitating reorientation of industrial licensing policy.In 1969, the monopolies and restrictive Trade Practices (MRTP) Act was introduced to enable the Government to effectively control concentration of economic power. The Dutt Committee had defined large business houses as those with assets of more than Rs. 350 million. The MRTP Act, 1969 defined large business houses as those with assets of Rs. 200 million and above. Large industries were designated as MRTP companies and were eligible to participate in industries that wer e not reserved for the Government or the Small scale sector.The new Industrial Licensing Policy of 1970 classified industries into four categories. First category, termed as ‘Core Sector’, consisted of basic, critical and strategic industries. Second category termed as ‘Heavy Investment Sector’, comprised projects involving investment of more than Rs. 50 million. The third category, the ‘Middle Sector’ consisted of projects with investment in the range of Rs. 10 million to Rs. 50 million. The fourth category was ‘Delicensed Sector’, in which investment was less than Rs. 0 million and was exempted from licensing requirements. The industrial licensing policy of 1970 4 confined the role of large business houses and foreign companies to the core, heavy and export oriented sectors. The Industrial Policy Statement – 1973 With a view to prevent excessive concentration of industrial activity in the large industrial houses, this Stat ement gave preference to small and medium entrepreneurs over the large houses and foreign companies in setting up of new capacity particularly in the production of mass consumption goods.New undertakings of up to Rs. 10 million by way of fixed assets were exempted from licensing requirements for substantial expansion of assets. This exemption was not allowed to MRTP companies, foreign companies and existing licensed or registered undertakings having fixed assets of Rs. 50 million and above. The Industrial Policy Statement -1977 This Statement emphasized decentralization of industrial sector with increased role for small scale, tiny and cottage industries. It also provided for close interaction between industrial and agricultural sectors.Highest priority was accorded to power generation and transmission. It expanded the list of items reserved for exclusive production in the small scale sector from 180 to more than 500. For the first time, within the small scale sector, a tiny unit wa s defined as a unit with investment in machinery and equipment up to Rs. 0. 1 million and situated in towns or villages with a population of less than 50,000 (as per 1971 census). Basic goods, capital goods, high technology industries important for development of small scale and agriculture sectors were clearly delineated for large scale sector.It was also stated that foreign companies that diluted their foreign equity up to 40 per cent under Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA) 1973 were to be treated at par with the Indian companies. The Policy Statement of 1977 also issued a list of industries where no foreign collaboration of financial or technical nature was allowed as indigenous technology was already available. Fully owned foreign companies were allowed only in highly export oriented sectors or sophisticated technology areas. For all approved foreign investments, companies were completely free to repatriate capital and remit profits, dividends, royalties, etc. Further, in o rder to ensure balanced regional development, it was decided not to issue fresh licenses for setting up new industrial units within certain limits of large metropolitan cities (more than 1 million population) and urban areas (more than 0. 5 million population). Industrial Policy Statement -1980 The industrial Policy Statement of 1980 placed accent on promotion of competition in the domestic market, technological upgradatrion and modernization of industries.Some of the socio-economic objectives spelt out in the Statement were i) optimum utilisation of installed capacity, ii) higher productivity, iii) higher employment levels, iv) removal of regional disparities, v) strengthening of agricultural base, vi) promotion of export oriented industries and vi) consumer protection against high prices and poor quality. Policy measures were announced to revive the efficiency of public sector undertakings (PSUs) by developing the management cadres in functional fields viz. operations, finance, ma rketing and information system. An automatic expansion of capacity up to five per cent per annum was allowed, particularly in the core sector and in industries with long-term export potential. Special incentives were granted to industrial units which were engaged in industrial processes and technologies aiming at optimum utilization of energy and the exploitation of alternative sources of energy. In order to boost the development of small scale industries, the investment limit was raised to Rs. 2 million in small scale units and Rs. . 5 million in ancillary units. In the case of tiny units, investment limit was raised to Rs. 0. 2 million. Industrial Policy Measures during the 1980s Policy measures initiated in the first three decades since Independence facilitated the establishment of basic industries and building up of a broadbased infrastructure in the country. The Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-1900), recognized the need for consolidation of these strengths and initiating policy me asures to prepare the Indian industry to respond effectively to emerging challenges. A number of measures were initiated towards technological and managerial modernization to improve productivity, quality and to reduce cost of production. The public sector was freed from a number of constraints and was provided with greater autonomy. There was some progress in the process of deregulation during the 1980s. In 1988, all industries, excepting 26 industries specified in the negative list, were exempted from licensing. The exemption was, however, subject to investment and locational limitations.The automotive industry, cement, cotton spinning, food processing and polyester filament yarn industries witnessed modernization and expanded scales of production during the 1980s. With a view to promote industrialization of backward areas in the country, the Government of India announced in June, 1988 the Growth Centre Scheme under which 71 Growth Centers were proposed to be set up throughout the country. Growth centers were to be endowed with basic infrastructure facilities such as power, water, telecommunications and banking to enable them to attract industries.Industrial Policy Statement- 1991 The Industrial Policy Statement of 1991 stated that â€Å"the Government will continue to pursue a sound policy framework encompassing encouragement of entrepreneurship, development of indigenous technology through investment in research and development, bringing in new technology, dismantling of the regulatory system, development of the capital markets and increased competitiveness for the benefit of common man†.It further added that â€Å"the spread of industrialization to backward areas of the country will be actively promoted through appropriate incentives, institutions and infrastructure investments†. The objective of the Industrial Policy Statement – 1991 was to maintain sustained growth in productivity, enhance gainful employment and achieve optimal util ization of human resources, to attain international competitiveness, and to transform India into a major partner and player in the global arena. Quite clearly, the focus of the policy was to unshackle the Indian industry from bureaucratic controls. This called for a number of far-reaching reforms : †¢ A substantial modification of Industry Licencing Policy was deemed necessary with a view to ease restraints on capacity creation, respond to emerging domestic and global opportunities by improving productivity. Accordingly, the Policy Statement included abolition of industrial licensing for most industries, barring a handful of industries for reasons of security and trategic concerns, social and environmental issues. Compulsory licencing was required only in respect of 18 industries. These included, inter alia, coal and lignite, distillation and brewing of alcoholic drinks, cigars and cigarettes, drugs and pharmaceuticals, white goods, hazardous chemicals. The small scale sector c ontinued to be reserved. Norms for setting up industries (except for industries subject to compulsory licensing) in cities with more than one million population were further liberalised. Recognising the complementarily of domestic and foreign investment, foreign direct investment was accorded a significant role in policy announcements of 1991. Foreign direct investment (FDI) up to 51 per cent foreign equity in high priority industries requiring large investments and advanced technology was permitted. Foreign equity up to 51 per cent was also allowed in trading companies primarily engaged in export activities. These important initiatives were expected to provide a boost to investment besides enabling access to high technology and marketing expertise of foreign companies. With a view to inject technological dynamism in the Indian industry, the Government provided automatic approval for technological agreements related to high priority industries and eased procedures for hiring of fore ign technical expertise. †¢ Major initiatives towards restructuring of public sector units (PSUs) were initiated, in view of their low productivity, over staffing, lack of technological upgradation and low rate of return. In order to raise resources and ensure wider public participation PSUs, it was decided to offer its shareholding stake to mutual funds, financial institutions, general public and workers. Similarly, in order to revive and rehabilitate chronically sick PSUs, it was decided to refer them to the Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction (BIFR). The Policy also provided for greater managerial autonomy to the Boards of PSUs. †¢ The Industrial Policy Statement of 1991 recognized that the Government’s intervention in investment decisions of large companies through MRTP Act had proved to be deleterious for industrial growth.Accordingly, pre-entry scrutiny of investment decisions of MRTP companies was abolished. The thrust of policy was more on cont rolling unfair and restrictive trade practices. The provisions restricting mergers, amalgamations and takeovers were also repealed. Industrial Policy Measures Since 1991 Since 1991, industrial policy measures and procedural simplifications have been reviewed on an ongoing basis. Presently, there are only six industries which require compulsory licensing. Similarly, there are only three industries reserved for the public sector.Some of important policy measures initiated since 1991 are set out below: †¢ Since 1991, promotion of foreign direct investment has been an integral part of India’s economic policy. The Government has ensured a liberal and transparent foreign investment regime where most activities are opened to foreign investment on automatic route without any limit on the extent of foreign ownership. FDI up to 100 per cent has also been allowed under automatic route for most manufacturing activities in Special Economic Zones (SEZs).More recently, in 2004, the FDI limits were raised in the private banking sector (up to 74 per cent), oil exploration (up to 100 per cent), petroleum product marketing (up to 100 per cent), petroleum product pipelines (up to 100 per cent), natural gas and LNG pipelines (up to 100 per cent) and printing of scientific and technical magazines, periodicals and journals (up to 100 per cent). In 9 February 2005, the FDI ceiling in telecom sector in certain services was increased from 49 per cent to 74 per cent. Reservation of items of manufacture exclusively in the small scale sector has been an important tenet of industrial policy. Realizing the increased import competition with the removal of quantitative restrictions since April 2001, the Government has adopted a policy of dereservation and has pruned the list of items reserved for SSI sector gradually from 821 items as at end March 1999 to 506 items as on April 6, 2005. Further, the Union Budget 2005-06 has proposed to dereserve 108 items which were identified by M inistry of Small Scale Industries.The investment limit in plant and machinery of small scale units has been raised by the Government from time to time. To enable some of the small scale units to achieve required economies of scale, a differential investment limit has been adopted for them since October 2001. Presently, there are 41 reserved items which are allowed investment limit up to Rs. 50 million instead of present limit of Rs. 10 million applicable for other small scale units. †¢ Equity participation up to 24 per cent of the total shareholding in small scale units by other industrial undertakings has been llowed. The objective therein has been to enable the small sector to access the capital market and encourage modernization, technological upgradation, ancillarisation, sub-contracting, etc. †¢ Under the framework provided by the Competition Act 2002, the Competition Commission of India was set up in 2003 so as to prevent practices having adverse impact on competitio n in markets. †¢ In an effort to mitigate regional imbalances, the Government announced a new North-East Industrial Policy in December 1997 for promoting industrialization in the North-Eastern region.This policy is applicable for the States of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura. The Policy has provided various concessions to industrial units in the North Eastern Region, e. g. , 10 development of industrial infrastructure, subsidies under various schemes, excise and income-tax exemption for a period of 10 years, etc. North Eastern Development Finance Corporation Ltd. has been designated as the nodal disbursing agency under the Scheme. †¢ The focus of disinvestment process of PSUs has shifted from sale of minority stakes to strategic sales.Up to December 2004, PSUs have been divested to an extent of Rs. 478 billion. †¢ Apart from general policy measures, some industry specific measures have also been initiated. For instance, Elec tricity Act 2003 has been enacted which envisaged to delicense power generation and permit captive power plants. It is also intended to facilitate private sector participation in transmission sector and provide open access to grid sector. Various policy measures have facilitated increased private sector participation in key infrastructure sectors such as, telecommunication, roads and ports.Foreign equity participation up to 100 per cent has been allowed in construction and maintenance of roads and bridges. MRTP provisions have been relaxed to encourage private sector financing by large firms in the highway sector. Evidently, in the process of evolution of industrial policy in India, the Government’s intervention has been extensive. Unlike many East Asian countries which used the State intervention to build strong private sector industries, India opted for the State control over key industries in the initial phase of development. In order to promote these industries theGovernm ent not only levied high tariffs and imposed import restrictions, but also subsidized the nationalized firms, directed investment funds to them, and controlled both land use and many prices. In India, there has been a consensus for long on the role of government in providing infrastructure and maintaining stable macroeconomic policies. However, the path to be pursued toward industrial development has evolved over time. The form of government intervention in the development strategy needs to be chosen from the two alternatives: ‘Outward-looking development 1 policies’ encourage not only free trade but also the free movement of capital, workers and enterprises. By contrast, ‘inward-looking development policies’ stress the need for one’s own style of development. India initially adopted the latter strategy. The advocates of import substitution in India believed that we should substitute imports with domestic production of both consumer goods and sophist icated manufactured items while ensuring imposition of high tariffs and quotas on imports.In the long run, these advocates cite the benefits of greater domestic industrial diversification and the ultimate ability to export previously protected manufactured goods, as economies of scale, low labour costs, and the positive externalities of learning by doing cause domestic prices to become more competitive than world prices. However, pursuit of such a policy forced the Indian industry to have low and inferior technology. It did not expose the industry to the rigours of competition and therefore it resulted in low efficiency.The inferior technology and inefficient production practices coupled with focus on traditional sectors choked further expansion of the India industry and thereby limited its ability to expand employment opportunities. Considering these inadequacies, the reforms currently underway aim at infusing the state of the art technology, increasing domestic and external compet ition and diversification of the industrial base so that it can expand and create additional employment opportunities. In retrospect, the Industrial Policy Resolutions of 1948 and 1956 reflected the desire of the Indian State to achieve self sufficiency in industrial production.Huge investments by the State in heavy industries were designed to put the Indian industry on a higher long-term growth trajectory. With limited availability of foreign exchange, the effort of the Government was to encourage domestic production. This basic strategy guided industrialization until the mid-1980s. Till the onset of reform process in 1991, industrial licensing played a crucial role in channeling investments, controlling entry and expansion of capacity in the Indian industrial sector. As such industrialization occurred in a protected environment, which led to various distortions.Tariffs and quantitative controls largely kept foreign competition out of the domestic 12 market, and most Indian manufac turers looked on exports only as a residual possibility. Little attention was paid to ensure product quality, undertaking R for technological development and achieving economies of scale. The industrial policy announced in 1991, however, substantially dispensed with industrial licensing and facilitated foreign investment and technology transfers, and threw open the areas hitherto reserved for the public sector.The policy focus in the recent years has been on deregulating the Indian industry, enabling industrial restructuring, allowing the industry freedom and flexibility in responding to market forces and providing a business environment that facilitates and fosters overall industrial growth. The future growth of the Indian industry as widely believed, is crucially dependent upon improving the overall productivity of the manufacturing sector, rationalisation of the duty structure, technological upgradation, the search for export markets through promotional efforts and trade agreemen ts and creating an enabling legal environment.Bibliography 1. Ahluwalia, I. J. Productivity and Growth in Indian Manufacturing, Oxford University Press, Delhi , 1991. 2. Government of India Annual Report 2003-04, Ministry of Commerce and Industry. New Delhi. 3. Government of India Handbook of Industrial Policy and Statistics (Various Issues), Office of Economic Adviser, Ministry of Commerce and Industry. New Delhi. 4. Government of India Economic Survey 2004-05, Ministry of Finance. New Delhi

The role of corporate identity in the Malaysian higher education sector

The Role of Corporate Identity in the Malayan Higher Education SectorIdentity, image and repute are the chief docket of organisation through corporate communicating activities. Van Riel ( 1997 ) survey found that there are three chief constructs in corporate communicating that are ever being studied by bookmans. The constructs are corporate individuality, corporate repute and communicating direction. On overall, corporate communicating is referred to as communicating, added with advertisement, media matter, fiscal communicating, employee communicating and crisis communicating. In order to be effectual, every organisation needs a clear sense of intent that people within it understand. They besides need a strong sense of belonging. Purpose and belonging is the two aspect of individualities. Every organisation is alone and the individuality must jump from organisation ‘s ain roots, its personality, its strengths and its failings. The individuality of the cooperation must be so clear that it becomes the yardstick against which its merchandises and services, behaviours and actions are measured. This means that the individuality can non merely be a slogan, or a aggregation of phrases: it must be seeable, touchable and all encompassing. Everything that organisation does must be an avowal of its individuality. In globalisation universe, both academic and concern involvements in corporate individuality have increased significantly in recent old ages. Organizations have realised that a strong individuality can assist them aline with the market place, attract investing, actuate employees and serve as a agency to distinguish their merchandises and services. Identity is now widely recognised as an effectual strategic instrument and a agency to accomplish competitory advantage ( Schmidt, 1995 ) . Thus, many organisations are endeavoring to develop a distinguishable and recognizable individuality. Certain features of an efficacious corporate individuality include a repute for high quality goods and services, a robust fiscal public presentation, a harmonious workplace environment, and a repute for societal and environmental duty ( Einwiller and Will, 2002 ) Harmonizing to Melewar and Sibel Akel ( 2005 ) , the globalization of concern has eventually been embraced by the higher instruction sector in which instruction is seen as a service that could be marketed worldwide. Universities and other establishments of higher instruction have to vie with each other to pull high quality pupils and academic staff at an international degree. Hence, competition is no longer limited within national boundary lines. As instruction and preparation become a planetary concern sector, instruction selling is developing criterions more kindred to consumer goods selling. This presents several challenges for Malayan universities such as the development of a more client orientated service attack to instruction and an increased accent on corporate image. In a market where pupils are recognized as clients, universities have to implement schemes to keep and heighten their fight. Higher instruction sector in Malaysia develops quickly since 1990. Now, Malaysia has 20 public universities offering a assortment of classs and 100s of private universities. Competition is non merely within the state, but regionally and globally. The university needs to develop a competitory advantage based on a set of alone features. Furthermore, universities need to pass on these features in an effectual and consistent manner to all of the relevant stakeholders. Under these fortunes, universities have eventually realized the function of corporate individuality as a powerful beginning of competitory advantage.They understand that if managed strategically, corporate individuality can assist them develop a competitory border over rivals ( Olins, 1995 ) . As a consequence, a turning figure of universities have started to develop and implement corporate individual ity programme as portion of their strategic rowth and enlargement ( Baker and Balmer, 1997 ) .Reappraisal of LiteratureCorporate individualityBirkigt and Stadler ( 1986 ) derived from Cornelissen and Elving ( 2003 ) refer to corporate individuality as the strategically planned and operational self-presentation of a company, both internal and external, based on an in agreement doctrine, long term company ends, and a peculiar coveted image, combined with the will to use all instruments of the company as one unit achieved by agencies of behavior, communicating and symbolism. Although universities are a higher instruction establishment organic structure instead than a corporate company, they have somehow embodied a corporate mentality in its quest to recognize its mission statement as an in agreement doctrine outlined earlier. Give this state of affairs, university is extremely prudent in its attempt to accomplish what it has set out to carry through by foremost, beat uping its tools an d means to pass on its individuality to its groups. In recent old ages, the importance of the corporate image has been recognized. One of the grounds behind this is the turning involvement in surveies of corporate image. The organisation considers that the transmittal of positive image is an indispensable stipulation for set uping a commercial relationship with mark groups ( van Riel, 1995 ) . Congruent with statements by Birkigt and Stadler ( 1986 ) and Alessandri ( 2001 ) who posit that corporate individuality needs to be founded upon the mission statement of a corporate entity, university, in advancing its academic excellence, has significantly rallied its forces in geting at a logo that is really much stand foring the organisation and what it has to offer based on its mission statement. Olins ( 1995 ) outlines four phases in constructing an individuality plan. First, probe, analysis and strategic recommendations are carried out internally to find what a corporate entity should stand for. Insofar as university is concerned, it considers factors such as its place, market portion, nucleus values, cardinal thought, growing forms, size, corporate civilization, profitableness and fight in puting its ends. Olins ( 1995 ) argues that one time internal analysis and strategic recommendations have been carried out, the following phase is developing the individuality by agencies of behavioral alteration, individuality construction and name and ocular manner. Harmonizing to Birkigt and Stadler ( 1986 ) , corporate individuality is besides communicated through the behavior of a corporate entity where mark groups are able to be judged by the actions conducted by the entity in covering with external forces or stimulations. The creative activity of a logo is a portion of its individuality edifice procedure which represents what it stands for ( Olins, 1995 ) . In planing the ocular manner, university makes usage of different colorss in the logo. To take words of Olins ( 1995 ) , the intent of a symbol is to show the cardinal thought of the organisation with impact, brevity and immediateness. The usage of different colorss and their representation in the logo of the university does show the cardinal thought to portray university as a modern organisation founded upon healthy rules and administration. Olins ( 1989 ) argues that symbolism warrants consistent quality criterions and contributes to the trueness of clients ( in our instance, pupil as clients to the university ) and other mark groups ( the possible pupils ) . The 3rd phase of Olins ‘ Corporate Identity formation is launched and introduced to pass on corporate vision. The individuality of university must be communicated through the mass media, another medium of individuality formation. The concluding phase of individuality formation is execution. In alliance with its mission statement to market the university as a first pick, university should join forces with other organisations in its quest to raise consciousness. Olins ( 1995 ) corporate individuality direction needs to be considered in the same position as fiscal direction or information system direction as portion of corporate resource where uninterrupted attempts is necessary to implement and keep it. However, Melewar and Jenskin ( 2002 ) place five sub-const ruct to mensurate corporate individuality or organisation viz. communicating and ocular individuality ; behaviour ; corporate civilization ; market conditions ; house, merchandise and services. The theoretical account adapts a multidisciplinary attack in the analysis of corporate individuality. It unites the psychological, in writing design, selling and public dealingss paradigms of the corporate individuality. In this manner the theoretical account represents different positions and school of ideas of corporate individuality, taking for a balanced combination between these different subjects. Furthermore, in footings of its application, the theoretical account presents a practical tool for analysis with its simple construction summarised in a comprehendible in writing presentation. Communication and ocular imagetouch about corporate ocular image ; corporate communicating ; architecture and location and unmanageable communicating. Corporate ocular individuality of the administration is reflected by five chief constituents which are orporate name ; symbol and/or logotype ; typography ; coloring material ; and slogan ( Dowling, 1986 ; Olins, 1995 ) . Harmonizing to Olins ( 1995 ) these constituents â€Å" present the cardinal thought of the administration with impact, brevity and immediateness † . Meanwhile, corporate communicating defined by Van Riel ( 1995 ) is a direction instrument to make and harmonize favorable relationships with external and internal stakeholders. As pointed out by Markwick and Fill ( 1997 ) , it is critical to guarantee that consistent corporate communicating is delivered to all stakeholders. Melewar and Sibel Akel ( 2005 ) surveies on corporate individuality of the University of Warwick sort its stakeholders into two classs viz. in ternal ; and external stakeholders. The external stakeholders cover a broad scope of audiences from sentiment leaders ( concern, media, academic, believe armored combat vehicle, instruction specializer, government/political ) to alumnas and instructors. The internal audiences are divided into three chief groups – pupils ; academic ; and non-academic staff. In a research survey conducted by the University ( Opinion Leader Research ) it was found that overall cognition of the University differed well between these audiences: On the whole, a far higher proportion of internal as opposed to external audiences province that they know the University good. Among the internal audiences, the faculty members in peculiar, demo a low degree of cognition of the university ( Jones, 2001 ) . Corporate communicating covers direction, selling and organisational communications. Among the three, direction communicating is seen as the most of import ( Van Riel, 1995 ) . Top degree directors are s een as the chief medium of direction communications since they are responsible for conveying the corporate doctrine and vision to the internal stakeholders ( Melewar and Jenkins, 2002 ) . The constituent ofbehaviorconsists of direction behavior and employee behavior. Given the current demand for economic answerability and the increased focal point on consumer pick, universities are sing pupils and staff as clients. Consequently, to prolong the coveted degree of service quality, the relationship between administrative staff and faculty members, and administrative staff and pupils has become more structured. Therefore, the behavior of direction at universities is progressively resemblers that of a commercial company. Increasingly, faculty members acknowledge that a â€Å" corporate individuality refers to an administration ‘s alone features which are rooted in the behavior of employees † ( Balmer and Wilson, 1998 ) . As a consequence of decreased authorities support and a larger societal focal point on consumer pick, universities design classs that are in conformity to what consumers want instead than what universities believe should be taught. This new manner of looking at â€Å" clients † of instruction has created a demand to reexamine the relationship between the clients and university employees. However, in the context of a university, the designation of the client and the employee is non an easy undertaking. First, as identified by Sirvanci ( 1996 ) the student-university relationship is non a typical customeremployee relationship. The university pupil differs from a â€Å" conventional † client in the sense that the university pupil does non hold full freedom of pick with the merchandise ( knowledge/education ) , duty for paying the monetary value and might non even â€Å" measure up † to buy the merchandise. Second, in an environment where the pupils are classified as internal clients the categorization of academic staff is debatable. Academicians are classified both under internal client and academic staff. Evidence shows that relationship between academic and administrative staff is an country of possible struggle ( Pitman, 2000 ) . The tenseness is likely to arise from the fact that academic staff have different motivations for working in a university fro m administrative staff members and utilize a different value system of their ain. Corporate civilizationhas been a chief focal point of academic direction since the early 1980s ( Wiedmann, 1988 ) . Culture is the normally held and comparatively stable beliefs, attitudes and values that exist within the administration ( Williamset Al., 1993 ) . Jarzabkowski and Wilson ( 2002 ) surveies found that civilization in University of Warwick is based on the undermentioned dogmas: successorientated ; entrepreneurial and competitory ; intra-organisational competition ; low tolerance for non-performers ; open uping ; viing at the highest degree of sectoral environment, ( Harvard, Berkeley, Cambridge and Stanford ) ; and â€Å" strong Centre, strong section † . However, in an academic establishment understanding on a individual value set is hard to accomplish. Baker and Balmer ( 1997 ) in their survey about the corporate individuality of University of Strathclyde place that the job arises chiefly from the fact that each member of the university is an expert in a specific country and has hence a really strong position about how to continue in this country. In the absence of a general way for the academic community to continue this sub-cultures and multiplicity in individualities may harm the successful execution of a corporate individuality programme. The constituent of corporate civilization fundamentally involves the component of nationality ; ends, doctrines and rules and organisational imagination and history. Top ranking university accommodates pupils from different nationalities. With increasing Numberss of abroad pupils and academic staff, the function of nationality is diminishing. However, pupil consumption for public university in Malaysia is controlled by the authorities. The assignment of the academic staff besides needs particular permission from the authorities. As is common among other Malayan universities, it capitalises chiefly on the English linguistic communication as the chief linguistic communication of commercialism. Moingeon and Ramanantsoa ( 1997 ) stress the interaction between history and corporate individuality. They point out the manner history influences the definition of corporate individuality, i.e. â€Å" individuality is the merchandise of the history of the administration † ( Moingeon and Ramanantsoa, 1997 ) . They further province that individuality influences history and shapes the perceptual experiences and actions of the organisation members. Therefore, individuality besides produces history. History created an individuality in support of the entrepreneurial self-image and income bring forthing orientation of the university ( Jarzabkowski and Wilson, 2002 ) . Component of corporate individuality focal point onmarket conditionsaffecting nature of the industry and selling scheme. Malaysia ‘s higher instruction market is crowded and competitory. The general regulation in the market is that prospective pupils will frequently go to a prima university because of its overall repute, even though it may be comparatively weak in the specific capable chosen. The instruction and research appraisal exercises conducted on a regular basis and the magazine ( such asThe Times Higher EducationAddendumetc ) publications of the ranking of the universities reveal that certain universities are more well-thought-of and are perceived to be general leaders in the field. However, the generic feature of higher instruction makes the projection of a differentiated individuality hard. Harmonizing to Melewar and Sibel Akel ( 2005 ) , some universities such as Cambridge, Oxford, Imperial College, Durham, LSE, UCL, York, Nottingham, Manchester and Bristol have succeeded in this hard undertaking. Corporate and selling schemes are one of the few attempt to advance university internationally. For illustration, University of Warwick ‘s schemes are â€Å" heightening and advancing the University ‘s repute, peculiarly on the international phase † and mottos such â€Å" maintaining and developing our strengths in institutional administration and direction † and attempts to demo that â€Å" the university is be aftering to go on its business-like development † Corporate and selling schemes non merely find coveted future provinces of the organisation but they besides influence the formation of trade name and corporate perceptual experiences. Therefore, the manner an organisation defines its corporate schemes has a important impact on how it is perceived by its stakeholders. Simoes and Dibb ( 2001 ) province that the impression of corporate individuality is linked to the corporate trade name construct. Besides harmonizing to Ind ( 1997 ) corporate stigmatization is more than a ocular projection of the organisation – it is a manifestation of the organisational nucleus alues. Firm, merchandise and servicesare the last constituent in corporate individuality developed by Melewar and Storrie ( 2001 ) . These constituents are branding schemes and organisational public presentation. Branding to the populace is through heavy advertisement of the company ‘s image in the media and by editorial coverage in the local or international imperativeness. Articles in academic periodical, refereed diary, continuing and books by university lectors and pupils are a portion of positioning scheme for the university to make a good trade name of the university. University ‘s design, landscapes, and image development could besides be considered as portion of the stigmatization scheme. Performance of the university is evident by itself in footings of constructing up a loyal client base, winning national awards, retaining and developing employees, and the growing to the franchise. The public presentation can be measured by the acknowledgment received by the university. University ranking published by Times Higher Educations Supplement and other reputable organisation is a best index to mensurate university ‘s public presentation. Besides university ranking, other acknowledgment and award such as ISO 9000, discoverer award obtained by pupils and lector of the university, can be considered as elements of public presentation.Purpose of the StudyThis survey ‘s major intent was to try to find what the function of corporate individuality from the position of the university ‘s prospective clients ( among the pupils from Matriculation College in Malaysia ) . We were most interested in how of import they considered the corporate individuality map is. The survey was designed specifically to detect what these pupils thought about corporate individuality and how they saw this map being implemented in the university. This survey ‘s major intent was to try to find what the function of corporate individuality from the position of the uni versity ‘s prospective clients ( among the pupils from Matriculation College in Malaysia ) . We were most interested in how of import they considered the corporate individuality map is. The survey was designed specifically to detect what these pupils thought about corporate individuality and how they saw this map being implemented in the university.MethodThis was a bead and collect questionnaire survey of matriculation college pupils. Subjects came from 9 Matriculation College throughout Malaysia. In each of this matriculation college, pupils were prospective clients for the public university in Malaysia. In this subdivision, informations assemblage processs, respondents, and measurings of variables are detailed.RespondentsRespondent in this research are prospective clients of the University Utara Malaysia ( among pupils from matriculation colleges in Malaysia ) . Survey packages were sent straight to 500 pupils. The sample n=496 ( 99.2 % ) in nine matriculation Centre. The at ionale for taking this sample is that all respondents are prospective clients of the university and their perceptual experience is indispensable to find the corporate individuality of the university. Approximately 78.23 % ( n = 388 ) are female and 21.77 % ( n = 108 ) are male. This sample distribution reflects the norm of pupils in Malaysia. The bulk of the respondents are ( 70.97 % ( n = 352 ) respondents from history watercourse, while 29.03 % ( n = 144 ) from scientific discipline watercourse in matriculation Centre. Respondent in this research are prospective clients of the University Utara Malaysia ( among pupils from matriculation colleges in Malaysia ) . Survey packages were sent straight to 500 pupils. The sample n=496 ( 99.2 % ) in nine matriculation Centre. The ationale for taking this sample is that all respondents are prospective clients of the university and their perceptual experience is indispensable to find the corporate individuality of the university. Approximatel y 78.23 % ( n = 388 ) are female and 21.77 % ( n = 108 ) are male. This sample distribution reflects the norm of pupils in Malaysia. The bulk of the respondents are ( 70.97 % ( n = 352 ) respondents from history watercourse, while 29.03 % ( n = 144 ) from scientific discipline watercourse in matriculation Centre.Measurement InstrumentBased on corporate individuality theoretical account developed by Melewar and Jenskin ( 2000 ) , there are five chief constituents to developing corporate individuality. Melewar and Storrie ( 2001 ) besides use in the survey for service company. Melewar and Sibel Akel ( 2005 ) , besides apply the same theoretical account to analyze the corporate individuality Warwick University. The instrument used to measure corporate individuality includes 80 points based on corporate individuality theoretical account developed by Melewar and Jenskin ( 2001 ) . The points stand foring four constituents of corporate individuality which are communicating and ocular imag e, behavior, corporate civilization, market conditions and house, merchandise and services. Each point is measured utilizing 5- point Likert type scale.Prior to the existent survey, we conducted a pre-test survey among respondents in the matriculation colleges. The pre-test conducted sought to find the grade of stableness, trustiness, dependableness of the measuring used in this survey, as there are really limited survey on corporate individuality and corporate repute. Consequences of the pre-test show Cronbach's alpha for communicating and ocular individuality is.90, behaviour is.87, corporate civilization is.86, and market status is.80 and house, merchandise and services 0.78.ConsequencesBefore we conduct factor analysis, informations are tested for coding/data entry mistakes and trials for normalcy are conducted for each of the study points every bit good as the concepts that are created by calculating single points. Trials for normalcy include kurtosis easures, lopsidedness step s, and ocular review of histograms. The bulk of points appear to be within normalcy. Kurtosis steps are below one. Lopsidedness steps are around zero, and analysis indicates normal-shaped histograms. Based on dimensions of corporate individuality in the communicating literature, and some points from Melewar and Akel ( 2005 ) , we generated an initial set of 80 points. These points focused on communicating and ocular individuality, corporate behavior, corporate civilization, market conditions and house, merchandise and services. Using informations collected from the sample of 496 pupils, we conducted an explorative factor analysis utilizing chief constituents with the figure of factors non specified. The magnitude and scree secret plan of the characteristic root of a square matrixs indicated factors. In the following factor analysis, we set the figure of factors to five and interpreted factor burdens based on form matrix which resulted from oblique rotary motion ( Hair et al. 1998 ) . Oblique rotary motion was appropriate because the ultimate end of this research through factor analysis is to obtain several theoretically meaningful factors or concepts. Analysis of the 80 points resulted in five factors that explain 57 % of the discrepancy. Based on the oblique factor form, each factor clearly reflected one of the five priori dimensions. Subsequent loops were performed following omission of cross-loaded points or points that were theoretically inconsistent with their factor. The regulation of pollex provided by Hair, Anderson, Tatham and Black ( 1998 ) were applied where points load less than.30 were eliminated. The ensuing solution consisted of 52 points explicating 78.4 % of the discrepancy. The dislocation of these points was communicating and ocular individuality ( 19 points ) , behavior ( 11 points ) , corporate civilization ( 11 points ) , market conditions ( 6 points ) and house, merchandise and services ( 5 points ) . The revolved factor burdens for these 52 points appear in Table 1.Factor AnalysisNormally, when factor analysis is used in a survey of this nature, consequences reveal a certain sense of conformance between variables. As a consequence, one normally can do well more sense out of factor burdens than is the instance in this peculiar survey. The chief constituents processs produced 5 factors with characteristic root of a square matrixs greater than 1.0. This 5 factor solution, shown in Table 1 ( see appendix ) , accounted for 57.9 per cent of the entire discrepancy. Factor 1 Nineteen points clearly define factor 1 as shown by the burdens in Table 1. All points load positively and the statement appear to stand for a construct of corporate communicating and individuality ocular. Statement such as ‘promotion ‘ , ‘advertising ‘ , ‘information and message ‘ and ‘media used ‘ , seem to stand for corporate communicating portion. Other point such as ‘office interior design ‘ , ‘lighting ‘ , ‘furniture ‘ , ‘design of edifice ‘ , ‘location ‘ , ‘landscape ‘ , ‘space ‘ , ‘logo ‘ and ‘the word UUM ‘ represent ocular individuality of the university. Communication and ocular individuality shows an of import component in mensurating the corporate individuality of the university. Factor 2 Behaviour is categorized under intangible individuality and highly of import in corporate individuality. Eleven statements clearly meet the lading standards on this factor. These points are ‘university ‘s policy ‘ , ‘behaviour of direction ‘ , ‘ethics ‘ , ‘quality of relationship ‘ , ‘staff dressing ‘ , ‘personal features ‘ , ‘suitable accomplishment ‘ , ‘helpful ‘ , ‘understanding ‘ and ‘knowledgeable ‘ . Factor 3 Another 11 points clearly define this factor. They are ‘vision and mission ‘ , ‘goal accomplishment ‘ , ‘philosophy and chief ‘ , ‘aspiration ‘ and ‘history and imagination ‘ . Most of these points reflect corporate civilization issues. Factor 4 Six points load flawlessly on this factor. They are ‘student oriented ‘ , ‘the function as pupil ‘s development ‘ , ‘strategic marketing ‘ and ‘promotion ‘ . This factor seems to reflect a sense of market conditions in the university ‘s corporate individuality. Factor 5 Five other statements specify this factor. They are ‘marketing scheme ‘ and ‘branding ‘ , stand foring the elements of branding. While, ‘award ‘ , 'employee public presentation ‘ , and ‘excellent ‘ loaded under component of public presentation.Discussion of ConsequencesThis determination shows an of import facet of corporate individuality in Malaysia is higher instruction sector. For higher instruction sector in Malaysia, all constituent of corporate individuality ( communicating and ocular image, behavior, corporate civilization, market status and house, merchandise and services ) play an of import function in act uponing and possibly in finding their corporate individuality. This determination has interesting deductions. First, happening reveals Matriculation College ‘s pupils look at all facet of corporate individuality of the university. This survey presents considerable grounds to propose that prospective pupils of the university truly see university ‘s individuality based on ocular. Factor analysis consequences clear up this statement even more as 19 points are loaded under these factors. It is interesting to observe that the elements of ocular individuality such as logo, landscapes, edifice, illuming and furniture all loaded on the same factor. This determination is supported by the literature on corporate individuality which sees corporate ocular individuality defined in the manner in which an organisation uses Sons, type manners, terminology and architecture to pass on its corporate doctrine and personality ( Balmer, 1995 ) . Identity should be seeable and easy to recognize by the people. These consequences show that the importance of ocular individuality should be a high spot to the university. A well-built corporate ocular individuality does non merely add to organisational visibleness, but can besides be used as a powerful arm in deriving an advantage over rivals, while pulling client s and assisting convince the parent to direct their kids to the peculiar university. Higher instruction sector in Malaysia, particularly universities should concentrate more on their individuality to guarantee the image of the university is increased. Second, this determination finds that corporate behaviors were considered to be particularly of import. Even though this constituent is categorized under intangible elements compared to ocular individuality that can be seen and touched, it is still an of import component to mensurate corporate individuality. Based on factor analysis, eleven points were loaded under this constituent. Customers are anticipating a specific set of personal features to organize or reenforce their feeling. Behaviour such as moralss, quality of relationship, staff dressing, personal features, suited accomplishment, helpful, understanding and knowing are the of import feature from the position of the clients. Training and instruction either takes topographic point in the university or exterior of the university will profit the university. Third, the constituent of corporate civilization including vision and mission, end accomplishment, doctrine and principal, aspiration and history and imagination is really of import to the university ‘s individuality. Corporate civilization portrayed the full organisation behavior. Positive corporate civilization and strong vision and mission will increase confident among the prospective clients, constituent market status and house, merchandise and services besides show to be an of import constituent to mensurate the corporate individuality. For university who intends to globalise their establishment, this consequences indicate that the corporate individuality direction should take into history its personality ( Balmer, 1995 ; Birkight and Stadler, 1986 ; Olins, 1978 ) , its corporate scheme ( Wiedmann, 1988 ) and the three parts of the corporate individuality mix ( behavior of organisational members, communicating and symbolism ) in order to get a favorable corporate repute ( Fombrun, 1996 ) which consequences in improved organisational public presentation ( Fombrun and Shanley, 1990 ) . If the consequences are generalizable, maximising all corporate individuality ( communicating and ocular image, behavior, corporate civilization, market conditions and house, merchandise and services ) should hold a positive consequence on the university ‘s corporate repute. Our findings suggest that corporate individuality of Malayan university instruments act upon their corporate image. One account for individuality is now widely recognised as an effectual strategic instrument and a agency to accomplish competitory advantage ( Schmidt, 1995 ) and to be researched by more faculty members and practicians.Decisions and RestrictionsBecause this survey focused merely on one university in Malaysia, it represents a limited trial on the corporate individuality. However, it has already suggested that corporate individuality does consequence the image of the university. The following measure is to measure the external cogency of he obtained consequences by retroflexing the survey to other Malayan university scenes. For illustration future research should prove whether similar consequence can be found in other public university or private university operating in Malaysia or foreign university based in Malaysia. We besides noted that, because this survey is derived from one beginning that is the possible clients, there is the possibilities of common method prejudices to be in this survey. Thus, future research should see obtaining informations from multiple beginnings. For illustration, elements of corporate individuality can be obtained from bing clients ( pupils ) . However, extra dimensions of corporate individuality needed to be considered. Such extra research can play a critical function in developing apprehensions about what and whether corporate individuality should divert from the ‘best ‘ corporate image. Additionally, we are besides cognizant that there are some restrictions in corporate individuality theoretical account used in this survey. Thus, for those who are interested to go on, the usage of seven dimension of corporate individuality ( Melewar and Karaosmanoglu, 2006 ) graduated table would supply better account about corporate individuality in organisations. 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