The Road to Integrated School Systems Essay Example for Free

The Road to Integrated School Systems Essay In 1986, the Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court case established that there could be separate but equal facilities for blacks and whites, giving support to Jim Crow laws. The Supreme Court did not begin to reverse Plessy until the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court case 58 years later, which established that segregating blacks and whites was unconstitutional and that separate could never be equal. After the period of reconstruction following the Civil War, many states in the south and other regions of the country passed laws that discriminated against African-Americans. These laws ranged from restrictions on voting to requirements that blacks and whites use separate facilities and attend separate schools. On June 7, 1892, Homer A. Plessy, a man who was one-eighth black and seven-eighths white, bought a train ticket to travel from New Orleans to Covington, Louisiana. Under Louisiana law, he was considered black and was required to ride in the colored car. Because Plessy sat in the whites only car, he was arrested and put in jail in New Orleans (Frost-Knappman). Plessy faced trial for his crime of riding in a railroad car for whites only. John A. Ferguson presided over his trial in federal district court. He was found guilty, and the Louisiana Supreme Court upheld his conviction. Plessy then appealed to the United States Supreme Court for an order forbidding Louisiana-in the person of Judge Ferguson-from carrying out his conviction (Frost-Knappman). On April 13, 1896, Plessys lawyers argued before the U.S. Supreme Court. Their argument was that Louisiana had violated Plessys 14th Amendment right to equal protection under the law (Cozzens). Attorney General Cunningham argued that the law merely made a distinction between blacks and whites and did not necessarily treat blacks as inferiors (Cozzens). On May 18, 1896, the court issued its decision, upholding the Louisiana law: A [law] which implies merely a legal distinction between the wh ite and colored racesa distinction which is founded in the color of the two races, and which must always exist so long a white men are distinguished from the other race by colorhas no tendency to destroy the legal equality of the two races (Frost-Knappman). The court also endorsed the separate but equal doctrine, ignoring the fact that blacks had almost no control over how equal black and white facilities were (Frost-Knappman). In years to come, black schools, railroad cars, and other facilities were very rarely as good as those of whites. For the next 58 years blacks continued to be discriminated against through segregation. This led to the 1954 Supreme Court case of Brown v. Board of Education. Brown was an eight-year-old girl named Linda and was the daughter of Oliver Brown, a quiet, hard-working man who served as an assistant pastor and sexton at St. John African Methodist Epicostal Church in Topeka, Kansas (A Moment in History). Linda Brown attended a school that was more than three miles from her home. Her trip to school involved a six-block walk along the train tracks to catch a bus that took her the rest of the way (Pratt). In 1950, Oliver Brown sought to enroll his daughter at the nearby white Sumner Elementary School (Hollaway ). The superintendent, Kenneth McFarland, had always favored segregation and informed Brown that Topeka was not yet ready to make the change (Hollaway). The school board supported McFarland in his decision (Hollaway). On August 25, 1950, Lucinda Todd, secretary of the local NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), wrote to the national office in New York, saying that the school situation in Topeka had grown unbearable and that the local branch was willing to go to court to challenge the Kansas law. Local attorneys Charles Bledsoe, John Scott, and Charles Scott drew up the legal papers. However, it was not easy to find blacks willing to serve as plaintiffs in the case. Lucinda Todd was the first to volunteer. Eventually, twelve others followed. All were the parents of children who had been denied admission to white schools, and all were women except for Oliver Brown who was listed as the lead plaintiff (Pratt). The case was officially filed with the U.S. District Court for Kansas on February 28, 1951. Though sympathetic with the plaintiffs argument, the District Court unanimously refused to grant relief (Cozzens). Immediately after the lower courts ruling, the NAACP attorneys began to prepare their appeal. Similar school desegregation suits were being filed in the District of Columbia, Delaware, Virginia, and South Carolina. The central issue of the cases shifted from unequal funding to the fact that segregation was unconstitutional and a violation of the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment. In December 1952, the Supreme court decided to group the five cases together and hear them simultaneously. The cases became known as Brown v. Board of Education (Cozzens). On May 17, 1954, Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote for a unanimous court that separate education facilities are inherently unequal. In summing up the courts opinion Warren concluded: To separate [black children] from others of similar age solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community. In 1955, the court handed down its enforcement decree in Brown II, which said that the desegr egation of public schools should proceed with deliberate speed (Hollaway). Ironically, Linda Brown had by this time started to attend an integrated middle school. However, thousands of other children benefited from the courts decision (Pratt). Eventually this decision would be used to dispel other segregation laws and practices. For example, the separate but equal doctrine was abolished (Frost-Knappman). Today, de facto segregation still exists in some areas because of residential patterns and other factors. However, much progress has been made. Were it not for the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court case, The U.S. would probably not be quite so far along in the quest for public integration of races. Works Cited Cozzens, Lisa. Brown v. Board of Education. 29 June 1998. 14 April 2002 . . Plessy v. Ferguson. 17 Sep. 1999. 18 April 2002 . Frost-Knappman, Elizabeth, Edward W. Knappman, Lisa Paddock, eds. Courtroom Drama. 1998. New England Publishing Associates, Inc. Hollaway, Kevin. The RulingBrown v. Board of Education. Civil Rights: A Status Report. 13 Dec. 1996. 14 April 2002 . A Moment in History: Brown v. Board of Education. Learning Network. 14 April 2002 . Pratt, Robert A. Segregation Overruled. National Parks. Sep./Oct. 1993.

Business Plan for New Airline Essay examples -- Essays Papers

Business Plan for New Airline HausAir Mission Statement HausAir fixed base operation will provide the highest quality of flight instruction and comfortable charter services to the public; without compromising an ounce of safety, at a price lower than the competition. Human Resources/ Management Functions Breakdown of initial staff to begin at HausAir. (1) Manager/Owner Jason Bushouse (1) Assistant Manager Jeff Doyle (5) Receptionist/Clerical Jason Henderson (Full Time) Julie Vanek (Full Time) Roseanne Francis (Full Time) Pamela Laurie (Full Time) Art Wegner (Part Time) (6) Flight Instructors (Chief) Adam MacDonald (Full Time) Brent Ivey (Full Time) Janessa Luncford (Full Time) James Bushouse (Full Time) Ron Hallaux (Full Time) Randy Renolds (Full Time) (4) Pilot (Chief) Jason Bushouse Tim Dolenz Trevor Blackmer Dwayne Clemmens (4) Mechanics (Chief) Greg Radd (IA; Full Time) Lee Coss (A&P; Full Time) Joan Laukner (A&P; Full Time) Miguel Sanchez (A&P; Full Time) (4) Line Attendents Josh Hodny (Full Time) Mara Kennelly (Full Time) Brett Carlson (Part Time) Tommy Snellings (Part Time) (1) Sales Personnel Mike Campea FBO Organizational Chart Flight Office Service Finance Sales Job Description: Flight Instructor The HausAir flight instructors will follow some basic guidelines. They will be responsible for: - Student training for appropriate licenses - Maintaining proficiency in maneuvers - Proficiency required flight knowledge - Proficiency instructional techniques - Promoting a positive image of general aviation - Perform duties assigned by chief pilot - Maintaining safe and professional habits The position requires a minimum commercial multi-engine land instrument airplane and CFI certificate and those without a CFII will be expected to obtain the certificate within 6 months of start date. Instructors must be able to train a student from wherever their current ability level is to proficiency to the practical test standards for the certificate desired. Instructors will be required to follow HausAir flight training syllabus unless there is prior approval from the chief flight instructor. Instructors will be expected to give biannual flight reviews, checkouts to customers planning to rent aircraft an... ...n income of $5480 with a profit of 2200 a month. Fuel will be stored and fueled by the fuel truck. Line service will fuel all incoming aircraft, regardless of size. Supplies HausAir will carry a wide selection of supplies and keep current with charts, approach plates, books and other aviation publications. We can make between 40-60% profit but will charge what competitors like sportys pilot shop charge. We will match their price and work prices around that range. Insurance Insurance is an important protection for this FBO. Due to the high amount of risk involved in aviation it will be important to hold monthly safety meetings, and have rotating safety officer schedule that will change every day. There are many different kinds of insurance that we must purchase. Some of the insurance coverage that is required: Aircraft hull Aircraft liability Passenger liability Hangar liability Product liability Fire and Natural disaster coverage Auto full coverage Comprehensive public liability Bibliography http://www.airplane.com/be58.htm Richardson, Rodwell, & Baty (1995) Essentials of Aviation Management. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company.

Gay Marriage Speech

Gay Marriage Speech What comes to mind when you hear the word marriage? Is it the big wedding? The white dress? The rings? The kiss? The repeating of vows? Or is it the stress of making It all happen? Marriage Is a special moment in our lives. Fora lot of us marriage is a major milestone, a transformation In Identity to being a married person rather than single. But on top of all this, marriage is an important legal status. Nothing says â€Å"love and commitment† like the word marriage.It is essential to know that there are two kinds of marriage ceremonies: Civil and Religious marriage. A civil marriage is arriage performed by a government official and not a religious organization. Clvll marriage covers inheritance rights, property rights, the right to visit one another in the hospital, the conveying of benefits etc. Then there is Religious marriage; this is interpreted by each religious group differently, but is usually conducted in a church, chapel or temple.Everyone wants t o find love; to be In a serious relationship made up of trust and commitment. whether your sexual orientation be straight, gay, lesbian or bisexual. Though the rights to marry isnt equal for homosexual couples as it is for heterosexual couples. Some of the main and most important reasons people choose to ban homosexual marriage Is because they are homophobic and/or think It Is morally and biologically wrong for the human being and society. People with homophobia have an extreme and irrational aversion to homosexuality and homosexual people.Opinionated outlooks directed at homosexuals often branch from the perception that homosexual activity Is Immoral. Homophobia makes some people think that they are superior to homosexuals. In fact. studies show that antl- gay bias is far more accepted among large numbers of Americans than is bias gainst other minorities. Majority of the people who think that Gay marriage is â€Å"morally† wrong are religious. They study the words of the bib le, and feel that being gay Is a sin and will prevent you from being able to enter Into heaven.From King James' Version of the Bible, in Leviticus 20:13: â€Å"If a man also lie with a mankind, as he lieth with a woman, both of them have committed an abomination: they shall surely be put to death, their blood shall be upon them† Another piece of scripture implying that being gay is a sin Is In the New Testaments, I Corinthians 6:9-11 Know ye, not hat the unrighteous shall not inherit the Kingdoms of God? Be not deceived: neither fornicators, nor idolaters, nor adulterers, nor effeminate, nor abusers of themselves with mankind, nor covetous, nor drunkards, nor revilers, nor extrotioners, shall inherit In the kingdom of God. Meaning that people who commit sexual Intercourse out of marriage, who worship Idols other than god, who cheat, who have characteristics of a woman or unmanly(gay), who abuse, who are Jealous, who are habitually drunk, who verbally abuse and blackmail/steal will not go to heaven. This scripture basically lists he sin of homosexuality as one of the specific sins that will literally keep you from being able to enter Into heaven when you die and cross over. With marriage comes the hopes and dreams of having children and starting a family.This is where anti- gays feel that accepting gay marriage would be â€Å"biologically† wrong to society. Same ‘OF3 sex Intercourse wlll not nelp wltn tne reproauctlon 0T any Inalvlaual. Its more a way for gay promiscuity to increase. Consequently, if no off springs will be produced, and if gay marriage were to be legalized throughout the world we'll lead to a fail in opulation and to increase in elderly individuals, similar to what is happening in Japan. Yet in the Netherlands, Belgium, Canda, Spain, South Africa, Norway, Sweden, Portugal, Iceland and Argentina, gay marriage was granted between the years 2001-2010.In These countries and all over the world there are people who support gay mar riage and there are people who do not. For instance Mike Judge, from the Christian Institute in the United Kingdom, suggests that the value of marriage will decrease if gay marriage is legalized in the United States as it was in the I-JK. In his ideo he expresses his views on how same-sex marriage would affect â€Å"everybodys† marriage, by using an analogy between opposite sex marriage and gay marriage.He does so by using an American 5 dollar bill symbolizing opposite sex marriage, calling it â€Å"real and genuine , but imagine if a counterfeit 5 dollar bill (symbolizing gay marriage) flooded the US economy. The American 5 dollar bill will continue to be real and genuine, but its value in the economy would be seriously damaged. If the special rights of marriage are given to any other relationship then the special values f marriage will diminish and that is what we've seen In the I-JK. I don't want to see that happening in the United States†, said Mike Judge.But littl e did he know that, that same year when Civil Partnership Act was legalized in the I-JK, Massachusetts legalized same sex marriage, being the first in the United States with 5 other sprawling behind (Connecticut, Iowa, Vermont, New Hampshire and District of Colombia). But is gay marriage really such a bad idea as people might think? Straight and gay are Just the same, they experience the same feelings, emotions and thoughts ust like any other human. So there should clearly be the same rights for people with both kinds of â€Å"sexual preferences†.But should there be? Or should we as people of the world strip these rights from the â€Å"gay' community? Ignoring their rights as a human being? In the United States our forefathers wrote â€Å"that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness† and that we should â€Å"hold these truths to be self-evidentâ € . Clearly the six states that granted gay arriage took this well into consideration and finally made it law.And in the Holy Bible , King James' version, I Peter 2:13-14 says â€Å"Submit yourselves to every ordinance of man for the Lords sake: Whether it be to the king as supreme; or unto governors, as unto them are sent by him for the punishment of evildoers, and for the praise of them that do well. † Meaning that we, the children of God must abide by the rules/ laws set up by higher authority, who are sent by him to punish those who do wrong and to commend those who do right. So the question is, isn't same sex marriage ltimately right since it is now law?

Marxism Midterm Essay State And Revolution - 2918 Words

Marxism Midterm Essay: State and Revolution Sarah Elberling University of Denver State and Revolution The early 20th century socialist revolutionary theorists Vladimir Lenin, Rosa Luxembourg and Leon Trotsky believed that the withering away of the state and the removal of the capitalist mode of production was a necessary outcome if the individual was to ever realize their true nature as being free, equal and self-determining. This, however, could only be achieved through the development of the proletariat’s class consciousness and their defeat over the bourgeoisie. It is in this manner where both socialist revolutionary theory and practice share a dialectical relationship. However untied in their revolutionary visions of this international process, these theorists differ in what the role and functions of the revolutionary party should be in the historical development of the new socialist state. For Lenin and Trotsky, they envisage the revolutionary vanguard party as being separate from the proletariat class. Their reasoning being that the working class themselves would remain limited by their own trade’s union consciousness and therefore, would need the assistance of the Central Committee to lead them in the methods to achieve the socialist revolution. For Luxembourg, however, the vanguard party would need to be rooted and systematically connected to the proletariat class itself in order for the revolution’s spontaneity and organizational dialecticShow MoreRelatedOutline Of A Day Midterm Exam1515 Words   |  7 PagesKennedi Alsop 10/18/14 Start Time: 7:54 PM End Time: 9:08 PM FYS Will China Democratize? Dr. Kate Kaup Take Home Midterm Exam: Due In Class on Monday Please use no more than *75* minutes to complete your midterm. Please write the start and finish time on your midterm. Please do not consult your notes or readings (or classmates! ☠º ) Part One: Identify and explain the significance of **four** of the following terms. Give the date where appropriate. (8 points each, 32 points total. Recommended time:Read MoreThird World Essay3009 Words   |  13 Pagessocl 105 midterm exam Short Answer Question #1 What comes to mind when you here the term â€Å"Third World†? Most of the people in the United States find it hard to come to terms with the life style and struggles that are associated with this term. The term, â€Å"Third World† was first introduced during the Cold War. During this time, the â€Å"First World† referred to the United States and its’ allies, â€Å"Second World† consisted of the Soviet Union and its allies and the â€Å"Third World† was associated with the