Christianity and Church - 1173 Words

A sacrament can be defined as a visible sign of an invisible grace or an outward sign of an inward grace . Through the visible there is invisible. For example: The Eucharist – Bread and Wine are visible and the Life of Christ is invisible. It is a sign of God s grace, a visible sign, something we are able to see. Therefore the church stands as a visible sign; the invisible grace is God s presence. Hence sacraments make God s presence more real and understandable for us as believers. The church is needed to build up unity among all of us, to bring us together as a community to share in God s life just as God wants. The church is a sign and instrument of unity with God. God s love for us reconciles us to God and to each other†¦show more content†¦He sacrificed his life for us so that we could live happy lives and he will be there to lead us on our lives and help us live a good life just as he did. We are called to be holy and be an intimate friend of Christ . The church communicates the salvation of Jesus Christ. The church is not only a sacrament of Christ, but a sacrament of man and of the world. The church as a sacrament reveals union of men with God or each other. The Church points back to Christ and what he has done for us and to the future to the Kingdom, what he will do for us. Salvation comes from the Messiah. We are all part of a local church in which are a community. Together as we join in unity we all form the universal Church. By worshiping God in the Church we find salvation. By worshiping the church, the church worships on our behalf. The church makes sacrifices for us. ‘So the church’s sacrifice in communion with Christ is vicarious by nature as the sacrament of Christ’s sacrifice and so also on behalf of the world of mankind’. We are all called to unity not just the church. We cannot reach salvation until we embrace God’s love. It is a sign of communion to all humanity. At the end of time we will have the Kingdom of God. The church has the ta sk to get all humanity to the end. The church is the link between humanity and Good. The church makes God visible. The church is a communion that is needed to create unity among all men.Show MoreRelatedChristianity And The Christian Church1473 Words   |  6 Pagesindividual were recorded and spread across the globe, making up the cornerstone of Christ’s most important legacy, Christianity. It is a religion shaped entirely around Jesus’ personal philosophies and ideologies that has forever shaped the course of human history. In order to appreciate the importance of Christianity, first an understanding of the religion itself must be reached. The Christian church teaches that there is one God who created everything. Although Christians believe there is a singular GodRead MoreChristianity And Free Methodist Church1555 Words   |  7 Pagesgood and bad alike. 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The Effects Of Disfluencies And Social Anxiety - 2773 Words

The Influence of Disfluencies and Social Anxiety There has been a considerable amount of research conducted that suggests that individuals who experience disfluency of speech are more likely to experience more social anxiety when situated in social gatherings or social interactions. Current research has suggested that the relationship between social anxiety and disfluency to be is to be a complex one. Some researchers suggest that anxiety is a by-product of disfluency (Ezrati- Vinacour Levin 2004). While others view anxiety as the main cause of disfluencies (Kraaimaat, Vanryckeghem, Van Dam-Baggen, 2002; Mahr Torosian, 1999). Some researchers also view social anxiety as a general stress trait (Ezarti-Vinacour, 2004). However, there have been studies that failed to find that people who exhibit disfluency of speech are significantly more anxious than fluent speakers (Ezrati- Vinacour Levin 2004). To date research suggests that the relationship between the two still remains unclear due to differing methods and flaws in experimen tal controls. There is a lack of consistency across studies (Mahr Torosian, 1999). It is important to establish how disfluency and social anxiety are influenced together. Therefore, the purpose of this study is too establish how fluency of speech differs when involved in different social anxiety situations. Speaking in front of crowds or to strangers can be difficult for those who display disfluency of speech such as: stuttering andShow MoreRelatedStuttering Is A Communication Disorder That Involuntary Effects The Fluency Of Speech1479 Words   |  6 PagesStuttering Stuttering is a communication disorder that involuntary effects the fluency of speech. Disfluencies in speech include both â€Å"nonstuttered† and â€Å"stuttered† disfluencies. â€Å"Nonstuttered† disfluencies include interjections, revisions, phrase repetitions, and other. Everyone produces disfluencies in their speech at times making â€Å"nonstuttered† disfluencies more typical in speech. â€Å"Stuttered† disfluencies are less typical and include word repetitions, sound/syllable repetitions, prolongationsRead MoreStuttering Is The Most Common Speech Disorder1116 Words   |  5 Pages For a person who suffers from stuttering just the simple anticipation of a disfluency occurring can have a person filled with fear, anxiety and even anger. Stuttering can prevent people from wanting to engage in social situations with the fear of embarrassment that their disorder can cause them. Stuttering is a fluency disorder which causes interruptions in the flo w of speech. These interruptions are called disfluencies and can affect people of all ages. Although more than 70 million people stutterRead MoreChildhood Stuttering : A Narrative Review1553 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood Stuttering: A Narrative Review Yaruss (2004) introduces childhood stuttering as a communication disorder characterized by atypical disfluencies that interrupt the smooth flow of speech. Some disfluencies, such as phrase repetitions, revisions, interjections, and pauses, are common in the speech of typically developing children; however, atypical disfluencies such as prolongations, blocks, and part or whole-word repetitions may be indicative of developmental, or childhood, stuttering (YarussRead MoreDomestic Violence : Violence Between Adult Intimate Partners1632 Words   |  7 Pagesworthy of seeking help, or they rationalize the abuse, believing they caused or deserve it. Police complain that often when they arrest an abuser, the victims want them to drop the charges. Effects of Domestic Violence Long-term effects of domestic violence on women who have been abused may include: †¢ anxiety †¢ chronic depression †¢ chronic pain †¢ death †¢ dehydration †¢ dissociative states †¢ drug and alcohol dependence †¢ eating disorders †¢ emotional over-reactions to stimuli †¢ general emotionalRead More65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 Pagescircumstances and discovered that many lacked ideas to engage their little siblings or felt uncomfortable interacting outside the university community.. In response to these concerns, I developed a plan to organize and advertise various on-campus group social activities. I excitedly outlined the projects various benefits and offered to coordinate the groups efforts, thereby overcoming the directors initial skepticism regarding the time commitment required. I organized the directors into pairs to brainstorm

Project Team Roles Construction Industry

Question: Discuss about theProject Team Rolesfor Construction Industry. Answer: Introduction The construction industry of Singapore is facing issues of productivity due to rise in costs and lack of manpower availability. Organizations need to find ways to improve productivity such that the costs can be reduced, project period can be reduced, and profitability can be increased. This research aims to identify reasons behind low productivity and come up with recommendations for improvement. Key Activities The research would involve some key steps to attain the objectives of the research including: Survey: Survey would be conducted in order to gain information on what problems or challenges are faced by the construction industry in Singapore, the underlying causes of the declining productivity and possible solutions that some of the flourishing organizations may be using to remain competitive in the environment. An objective survey would be conducted on the respondents who would include the project managers from multiple construction organizations. Literature Research: Literature review would be a major part of the research and it would involve exploration of secondary data and information sources to understand the challenges of construction industries, causes of productivity decline and possible solutions. Literature review would allow researchers to explore the methods used all over the world as well as those used in the selected region such that the collective lessons may be applied to the case of Singapore to come up with necessary recommendation. Project Outline Preparation: The research project would need to be conducted in steps and the report would include specific sections. Project outline would explain these steps and define the sections along with the brief of the content to be included. This would serve as a guide for proejct team members to follow it for completion of the project. Deciding Scope of work: The scope of work would include specific activities that are to be done in order to achieve the objectives of the project. It would also define the items that are not in the scope of the project. The project scope includes the following activities: Formation of the objectives of the research from the aim Study of past literatures on the subject and analysis of the gap in literature Brainstorming to come up with a suitable research methodology Defining a research methodology and applying sampling techniques to come with sample for primary data collection Forming questionnaire for the survey Distribution of survey and data collection from the respondents as per the sample size Data analysis of the responses obtained from the survey Bringing out recommendations through brainstorming for improving the productivity in construction industry Preparing the literature review and gap present the gap analysis Writing the whole research report including introduction, literature review, methodology, data analysis, conclusions, recommendations, citations and appendices. The activities that are not included in the scope of this project include: Application of the recommendations in the real scenario Testing of the recommendations given for construction productivity improvements. Team Roles The team consist of 4 members who would be assigned specific work within the research project as reflected below: Field Researcher: One of the team members would be involved in the research as a field researcher who would take care of the data collection. He would also be responsible for creating, distributing, and collecting data. He would also be responsible for managing the data formats, entry into the SPSS file and setting the variables on the file as per the requirements, and clean the data before data file is finalized for conducting analysis of the file. The questionnaire would actually be prepared using the inputs from the entire team. Research Report Writer: One of the team members would be responsible for managing the writing of reports starting with the introduction, literature review, methodology, data analysis, conclusions and recommendations. He would be conducting literature review and would decide on the methodology after having brainstorming with the other members of the team. Data Analyst: One of the team members would be involved in conducting the data analysis of the primary data obtained. He would be performing the analysis using SPSS and would also make interpretations by taking help from the other team members. Project Manager: One of the team members would be responsible for managing all the activities and ensuring that they are completed on time. He would e responsible for creating the plan, provisioning resources, accessing research reports, reaching out to the respondents and connecting with them for sampling and data collection. Project Plan: Project plan would go through a set of stages including pre-planning, problem definition, purpose determination, Constraints identification, Literature review, methodology, Data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, conclusions and recommendations. During re-planning, research idea would be formed and a discussion would be followed to take a decision on the investigation of the research. Time frame and budget for the research would also be identified in this stage. In the problem definition stage, research problems would be identified and each problem could have multiple interpretations and purpose. The purpose is always to achieve a certain goal which in the current research is to understand the causes of the reduction in the productivity of the construction industry in Singapore such that recommendations can be made on their improvement so as to enhance the productivity of companies in Singapore. There can be several constraints on a research project such as: Ethical concerns that can pose limitations on the research methods and their usage. For instance, ethical codes say that the researcher must not have any personal information of the respondents that can later be used for identification. Time limitations as per the defined schedule can pose limitations on a project which has to be completed within specified time limits. Budget decided for conducting research would also put limitations on how the researches can be conducted, what methods could be used, what ethnographic profiles can be approached and the size of the sample to be used. As this research has limited budget which only allows for data collection, a survey methodology is being used. The manpower involved here is only 4 members and thus, there are constraints on where to travel. Thus, most survey respondents would be approached using internet through an online survey to reduce the travel needs. The project plan for the research study would contain the following details: Aims Objectives: Aim of this project is to explore the challenges faced by construction industry of Singapore causing their productivity to decline and identify methods that can be used for improving productivity. Major objectives of this research include: Compare productivity levels of construction companies of Singapore with companies in other countries that are flourishing well in construction Identify reasons that cause productivity decline in the construction companies of Singapore. Come up with recommendations for improvements in the productivity of the construction companies in Singapore through adoption and modifications in government policies. Background and Significance: The construction industry of Singapore is currently hit by some major problems because of which productivity of the industry has been reduced. Major drivers for this decline in productivity include rising costs and inability to find the right workforce due to tight worker quota policy of the Singapore government. Growing cost of labour and lack of the talent has cause major productivity declines in the industry. The objective of these companies remains reduction of cost, improvement of profitability, and reduces the period of construction project completion. The industry has been booming for past few years and the boom is still continuing with more and more requirements for construction getting generated. There is a very strong demand for infrastructure project and public housing construction projects. This demand is going to increase over the coming 5 years. In such a situation, managing the costs would be a bug challenge for the company. The problems are further aggregated because of the fact that the economy is open to investments and entries of companies from different countries that may be capable of handling the cost factor in a better manner causing threat to the domestic construction organizations. Further, living standards of the people in the country have improved and thus, the construction outcome by the companies based in Singapore may not be considered very great by them and they would open up more to the external investments (Baguley, 2008). On the labour side, construction work appears to be dirty and dangerous which makes it difficult to attract a large amount of labour force which may be needed by the construction companies in Singapore. Thus, in order to get the workforce, organizations woo them with higher salaries which increase the cost of the project thereby causing limitations of the number of labour that can be hurried. Considering these challenges, it is important that the challenges and possible solutions of the construction industry productivity are explored by a thorough research which would be helpful in improving the conditions of the industry. Thus, this report would explore the methods used for managing construction project, identify ways costs can be reduced and productivity can be improved for construction industry (Cisneros, 2013). Preliminary Studies: There have been past studies done on the subject that have revealed some useful insights. Some major issues have been identified in these studies such as unattractiveness of the industry when considering career development and impacts of the government policy on the construction workers migrating from foreign companies. Preliminary studies have also revealed some important highlights that would be useful for the current study such a (Cleland and Kerzner, 2012): Most unemployment in Singapore is found in construction and manufacturing industry Construction industry plays a significant role in national and economic development In 2014, the employment rate of the industry has fallen down by 0.5% while production has reduced by 0.4% in the same time There are several construction companies that have winded up since 2007 including 51construction companies that have filed for liquidation. Okuns law can be applied to the case of construction companies in Singapore which explains the situation of the country. Because of low wage rates that are not comfortable with construction workers, the demand is more than labour supply causing labour shortage. This shortage can actually be eliminated if wages are increased but the industry fails to increase this supply of money and thus, supply curve is very inelastic. The law says that if there is one percent increase in unemployment, there is a 2% fall in production. As the country is developed and has good level of people who can afford education and thus, there would be more students who can afford to take higher education and thus, would look for a white collar job. Thus, there would be less number of people in the country who would be willing to join lower salaried or lower status jobs like those in construction. They are further discouraged due to the danger involved in construction work (Margerison and McCann, 2012). Some research methods have been used by researchers for such studies like: Labour and productivity impacts are studied and correlation analysis has been conducted by researchers and a positive correlation was found between the two. Most researchers have followed positivism approach to deciding research methodology and thus, have relied on the facts about people instead of their subjective perspectives. Most studied are explorative and there is no approach made for establishing any theory related to the subject Some articles have taken a deductive approach to research and tested hypothesis to understand if there is a significant relationship between labour engagement and productivity. Researchers conducted in past have used both primary data from people and secondary data such as financial or economic reports (Saynisch, 2013). Research Design and Methods There are two hypotheses that are formed in this research and would be tested in the research: Hypothesis 1: Singaporean will not work as construction workers even if the wage increases to S$2,000 per month. Hypothesis 2: Singaporean has never voiced its displeasure against hard labour workers that have never taken their job away. It is the governments wrong perception to appease Singaporean by reducing the number of foreign workers in Singapore. There are two questionnaires one containing variables related to career and job satisfaction and second questionnaire researching dependent variables derived from the past studies on the subject. A sample size of 217 is taken for each questionnaire and the researchers anticipate a response rate of 80%. A stratified random sampling method has been used for deciding the people to be surveyed. Data Analysis: The data collected in this research would be quantitatively tested using Chi-Square tests which would be used for testing the association between two major variables including type of job and job prospects. Mutually exclusive variables are less than 5 in numbers. In the second questionnaire, a likert scale would be used for understanding perceptions of people on jobs. Project Milestones and Timeliness The project would follow a stepwise procedure for completing the research considering it as a project. In this process, certain milestone dates would be planned which would determine accomplishments such that the researchers would have to complete all the tasks as planned before specific milestones. These milestones include: Milestone Deliverables Milestone Dates Milestone activities Aims and objectives refined 5th Feb 2017 Refine aims Define research objectives Introduction 10th Feb 2017 Write introduction containing research background, research aims and objectives, research significance and research paper outline Literature review 25th Mar 2017 Study previous research papers Identify gaps in literature Write literature review section for the research report. Research Methodology 5th Apr 2017 Identify research design Identify research methods for data collection and data analysis Develop a research methodology Write a research methodology Develop hypothesis statement Questionnaire 1 2 preparation 10th Apr 2017 Develop questionnaire one Test questionnaire with peers Develop questionnaire two Test questionnaire with peers Finalize questionnaire and prepare consent letter for respondents Research Data Collection 1st May 2017 Create online survey for online users Take survey questionnaire print outs for other respondents Approach respondents with questionnaire Fill the responses Collect data and feed into SPSS Conduct statistical analysis on the collected data. Define variables in SPSS Data Analysis 13th May 2017 Decide analysis methods to be used for analysis of the statistical data considering two hypothesis Conduct tests on SPSS for hypothesis testing Data Interpretation 15th May 2017 Based on the data analysis results, make some interpretations that help achieve research objectives Write conclusions recommendations 20th May 2017 Write the summary of research including key findings and come up with recommendations based on the interpretations. Finalise the report 25th May 2017 Proofread and edit the report for formats, grammar, and citations. This would mark the completion of the project and would be followed by submission. The specific milestone activities have to be achieved before the milestones to mark it as complete. If there are delays in the completion during a milestone, the time may be adjusted in other milestones or an additional time may be taken from the tutor or adjustments may be made in responsibilities such that team members share them to achieve the results faster. References Baguley, P. (2008).Project management. [New York]: McGraw-Hill. Cisneros, S. (2013).The house on Mango Street. New York: Vintage Books. Cleland, D. and Kerzner, H. (2012).Engineering team management. Malabar, Fla.: R.E. Krieger Pub. Co. Margerison, C. and McCann, D. (2012).Team management. London: Mercury. Saynisch, M. (2013). Project management system for a large international project.International Journal of Project Management, 1(2), pp.115-121.

Antoinette Cosway’s Struggle for Peace and Sanity Essay Example Essay Example

Antoinette Cosway’s Struggle for Peace and Sanity Essay Example Paper Antoinette Cosway’s Struggle for Peace and Sanity Essay Introduction Jean Rhys’s =:///sandra-drake/ class=ilgen data-wpel-link=external rel=nofollow>Wide Sargasso Sea (1966) tells about the life of Antoinette, a white Creole, and her search for her own identity as she struggles for peace and sanity amidst the conflicting perspective of British, West Indies and Creoles social and racial divisions. The setting is basically informative of Antoinette’s developed double consciousness. Being placed in Jamaica and Dominica, Antoinette is forced to fit in within the two extremes. Yet as she grows and encounters inevitable life circumstances brought about these social and racial issues, and as she experiences death and insanity even in her own family, she deliberately and painfully realized that she can never belong to any of the two. As such, she pushed herself into isolation and despair.The novel basically started out as a recreation of Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre. Although the main character in the novel, Bertha, is described as a â₠¬Å"monster, violent, insane and promiscuous,† Rhys portrayed Antoinette as â€Å"a sympathetic and vulnerable young woman who seeks, unsuccessfully, to belong.† Indeed, critics were emphatically attuned to the enriched attribution of Antoinette’s life imbalances to conflicting social and racial factors. Attention to the merit of her work brought her the prestigious W.H. Smith Award and the Heinemann Award of the Royal Society for Literature. It was also named by Time Magazine as one of the 100 best English-language novels since 1923. These and other awards consequently rescued her from deep depression, alcohol addiction and isolation before its publication.Connection between the life of Antoinette Cosway and her author is inevitably noticeable. The author herself is the third child of a Creole mother and a Welsh doctor. Her ancestors on her mother side are known to be slaveholders. She grew up in Dominica and she moved to England while she was a teenager. Much li ke her main character, Jean Rhys despises England and she attributes her isolation and depression from the conflict of the White and the Black races. Perhaps, the novel served as a medium for her to express her mixed feelings towards her social status and the bigger community in which she grew.The emancipation of the slaves in 1834 is the starting point of the conflict. Although the racial and social conflict between the British, the Creoles and the West Indies was set even before this, this particular event produced a new set of social issues. Before freeing the slaves, racial distinction is high; everyone knows their places – the Jamaicans are slaves, the Creoles are the slaveholders, and the British are the rich people who own the entire place. â€Å"Thus multifaceted power structure [is] revealed within Rhys’ narrative† (Paul, 2004). However, upon freeing the slaves, the Creoles were left with nothing to identify themselves with, except their culture represe nted in the story as the black magic of Cristophine. Indeed, it is through the practice of this that Antoinette showed independence and glee. She was overly confident of her ability to read omens, and she turned for a magic love potion to fix the marital relationship problem with his unnamed husband. However, the event did not only leave her to question her racial identity. It brought her a set of new problems to deal with, problems overwhelmingly enormous for her age: the death of her father, the insanity of her mother, the hatred of the slaves, and betrayal of a friend. During the course of her life, she tried to live normally; but in a world of conflicting culture, a strong and stable identity serves as a shield to protect her from insanity.Among the social issues presented in the novel are poverty, violence, injustice, suppression of human rights, and discrimination. Particularly obvious in the novel is the issue of slavery and entrapment. Although the Emancipation Act freed the slaves, it lacked the necessary subsequent rights to enable them to live a normal life. The law failed to provide them with enough compensation to have a job that could sustain their everyday living, so that instead of celebrating their freedom, the West Indians breed hostility from the Creoles who left them with nothing to eat and who started to limit their lifestyle as slaves. Thus, for the Jamaicans, the Act did not free them at all; superficial and problematic, the Act served to only worsen the lives of the Blacks. Setting the social issue aside, however, slavery and entrapment is not only applicable to the Jamaicans. The Creoles were the most affected in terms of developing their racial identity.Being primarily slaveholders themselves, their main source of income entrapped them into thinking that they cannot move beyond that which socially defined them. Thus, the emancipation of the slaves brought them with nothing to showcase. Without slaves, they were in same social status a s the previous slaves. Although they may appear financially richer, in the long run, the social distinction between the slave and the master is gone. Furthermore, the death of Antoinette’s father revealed the strong patriarchy in Jamaica. Anette, her mother, felt helplessly imprisoned with his death, and she only regained her composure after meeting the British Mr. Mason. â€Å"Fragmentation is also evident in Antoinette’s own ethnic status, which has profound implications for the resulting power imbalances† (Paul, 2004).Lastly, Rhys ended the novel with Antoinette being entrapped in England, in a room under the watch of servant named Grace Pool. Figuratively, this event returns the novel from the beginning of the conflict. The room represents the range of power of the British people, the servant represents the Jamaican slaves, and Antoinette serves as the representative of the Creole slaveholders. The author made a very interesting point here. Metaphorically, i t showed that the social status of the British people points to the entrapment of the Creoles and the Jamaicans, that the Creoles are practically more enslaved than the Jamaicans and that the latter can clearly see it, and that the key to freeing the Creoles lies on their slaves all along. Although it started as a dream for Antoinette, the author expressed optimism to putting the dream into a reality.Another important theme in the novel is the complexity of racial identity as highlighted by Alexander Cosway’s illegitimate children. Aside from the distinction between the British, the Creoles and the West Indians, the Blacks have their own kinds of stratification. Originally from Martinique, a French Caribbean island, Cristophine stands apart from the Black community. Furthermore, Americans and slave owners are known to rape their slaves and produce illegitimate children who do not know which side they should place and categorize themselves in the society. Not only do legal rig hts define the mixture of races in Jamaica, social interaction and geography also underscores the differences between them. Although physical distinction does not apply well to the half-breeds, social interaction spells how each race view one another. And alongside this, racial identity clearly becomes racial discrimination, creating double consciousness for those who are midway to who they are and who they should be: â€Å"That’s not what she hear, she said. She hear all we poor like beggar. We ate salt fish-no money for fresh fish. That old house so leaky, you run with calabash to catch water when it rain. Plenty white people in Jamaica. Real white people, they got gold money. They didn’t look at us, nobody see them come near us. Old time white people nothing but white nigger now, and black nigger better than white nigger† (Rhys, 1966; Halloran, 2006).Important motifs in the novel also clarify some of the issues presented in the novel. Madness, disease and dea th are recurring motifs revolving around the life of Antoinette. Everyone underwent some kind of madness in the novel, particularly among the Creoles and her family. Antoinette’s madness may be interpreted as the major reason behind her demise. But Rhys was able to clear this possible nuisance by highlighting the maddening conditions of their life. Although it may be true and realistically safe to claim that the Cosways are prone or have tendency to be mad, it is also true that long stressful situations are the main caused to trigger such cases. Also, Rhys included the incident where Antoinette’s unnamed husband only noticed her â€Å"madness† when her illegitimate brother told him about it. This incident could therefore mean that â€Å"madness† is largely a result of how the British see it, that inside a Creole’s life, this â€Å"madness† is a normal phenomenon. Yet what colors this motif is that it presents doubt to the readers on whether to believe Antoinette or not.However, Rhys was able to answer this issue in the end as she intentionally showed that Antoinette’s imagined reality can actually be real. Ironically, the â€Å"statement† simply puts that madness is as real as it actually seems. Likewise, madness is intricately related to disease and decline. Through these, Rhys was able to show (not tell) the effects of the society on the individual. Near-fatal fevers both to Antoinette and Rochester metaphorically address the ill-effects of the social situation on the lives of individual people. It is also a mark or a warning of the unrest of the social situation. Thus, even if Antoinette believed at the start of the novel that the cure for her â€Å"sickness† is in England, further decline in her health during her stay there reflects the inability of the society to cater to their needs. It also reflects that geographic replacement can never make her belong and fit in the British society. Lastly, death is the major blow for madness in the family, and it leads to isolation and depression. Tragically, through death, almost all of Antoinette’s family members deserted her. The good thing, however, is that it is also through her isolation that she finds the truth behind her enslavement and despair.The Wide Sargasso Sea indeed â€Å"suggest[s] that social demarcations between English and Creole cultural identities are artificial because they ultimately depend on chance-on the geographical accident of a given person’s or character’s place of birth† (Halloran, 2006). But this artificiality has continued to enslave the lives not only of Antoinette, but of all the characters in the story. Perhaps, the novel was a medium for Rhys to prompt the readers to reexamine the influence of society. It is not that the novel seeks to put the blame upon the society per se; rather, it is a call to notice the larger force that influences our behavior and to help us judge and define the boundaries from which we should allow it to rule us. Thus, Antoinette’s imbalance in her life is due to social and racial issues than to a personal deficiency.Works CitedHalloran, V. N. (2006). Race, creole, and national identities in Rhys’s Wide Sargasso Sea and Phillips’s Cambridge. Small Axe: A Caribbean Journal of Criticism, 21, 87-104.Paul, N. (2004). Other ways of looking: The female gaze in Jean Rhys’ Wide Sargasso Sea. eSharp, 2 (spring 2004). Retrieved April 27, 2008, from =http://www.gla.ac.uk/departments/esharp/issues/2/paul/ data-wpel-link=external rel=nofollow>http://www.gla.ac.uk/departments/esharp/issues/2/paul/Rhys, J. (1966). Wide Sargasso Sea. NY: Norton ; Co.; Antoinette Cosway’s Struggle for Peace and Sanity Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!

Public Health During the Industrial Revolution

Public Health During the Industrial Revolution One important impact of the industrial revolution (such as the use of coal, iron, and steam) was rapid urbanization, as new and expanding industry caused villages and towns to swell, sometimes into vast cities. The Port of Liverpool, for example, rose from a population of a couple of thousand to many tens of thousands in the space of a century. As a result, these towns became hotbeds of disease and depredation, prompting a debate in Britain about public health. Its important to remember that science wasnt as advanced as today, so people didnt know exactly what was going wrong, and the speed of changes was pushing government and charities structures in new and strange ways. But there was always a group of people who looked at the new stresses on the new urban workers and were willing to campaign to solve them. The Problems of Town Life in the Nineteenth Century Towns tended to be segregated by class, and working-class neighborhoods where the everyday laborer lived had the worst conditions. As the governing classes lived in different areas they never saw these conditions, and protests from the workers were ignored. Housing was generally bad and made worse by the numbers of people constantly arriving in cities. The most common housing pattern was high-density back-to-back structures which were poor, damp, badly ventilated with few kitchens and many sharing a single tap and privy. In this overcrowding, disease spread easily. 1829 George Cruikshank editorial cartoon illustrating the explosive growth of London. Print Collector/Getty Images / Getty Images There was also inadequate drainage and sewerage, and what sewers there were tended to be square, stuck in the corners, and built of porous brick. Waste was frequently left in the streets and most people shared privies which emptied into cesspits. What open spaces there were also tended to be filled with rubbish, and the air and water were polluted by factories and slaughterhouses. The satirical cartoonists of the day didnt have to imagine a hell to illustrate in these cramped, poorly designed cities. Consequently, there was much illness, and in 1832 one doctor said only 10% of Leeds was actually in full health. In fact, despite technological developments, the death rate rose, and infant mortality was very high. There was also a range of common diseases: tuberculosis, typhus, and after 1831, cholera. The terrible working environments created new occupational hazards, such as lung disease and bone deformities. The 1842 report by the British social reformer Edwin Chadwick called Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring  Population of Great Britain showed that the life expectancy of an urban dweller was less than that of a rural one, and this was also affected by class. Why Public Health Was Slow to Be Dealt With Before 1835, town administration was weak, poor and too impotent to meet the demands of new urban life. There were few representative elections to produce forums for people who were worse off to speak, and there was little power in the hands of town planners, even after such a job was created by necessity. Revenues tended to be spent on large, new civic buildings. Some regions had chartered boroughs with rights, and others found themselves governed by a lord of the manor, but all these arrangements were too out-of-date to deal with the speed of urbanization. Scientific ignorance also played a role, as people simply didn’t know what caused the diseases that afflicted them. There was self-interest too, as builders wanted profits, not better quality housing, and the government-held a deep prejudice about the poors worthiness of efforts. Chadwick’s influential sanitary report of 1842 divided people into ‘clean’ and ‘dirty’ parties and some people believed Chadwick wanted the poor to be made clean against their will Government attitudes also played a role. It was commonly thought that the laissez-faire system, in which governments didn’t interfere in the lives of adult men, was the only reasonable system, and it was only late in the process that government became willing to undertake reform and humanitarian action. The prime motivation then was cholera, not ideology. The Municipal Corporations Act of 1835 In 1835 a commission was appointed to look into municipal government.  It was badly organized, but the report published was deeply critical of what it called ‘chartered hogsties.’ A law with limited effect was passed, but newly created councils were given few powers and were expensive to form. Nevertheless, this wasnt a failure, as it set the pattern for the English government and made possible the later public health acts. Beginnings of the Sanitary Reform Movement A group of doctors wrote two reports in 1838 on the living conditions in London’s Bethnal Green. They drew attention to the connection between unsanitary conditions, disease, and pauperism. The Bishop of London then called for a national survey. Chadwick, a force in all things public service in the mid-eighteenth century, mobilized the medical officers provided by the Poor Law and created his 1842 report which highlighted the problems associated with class and residence. It was damning and sold a huge number of copies. Amongst its recommendations were an arterial system for clean water and the replacement of improvement commissions by a single body with power.  Many objected to Chadwick and some wags in the government claimed they preferred cholera to him. As a result of Chadwick’s report, though, the Health of Towns Association was formed in 1844, and branches all over England researched and published on their local conditions. Meanwhile, the government was recommended to introduce public health reforms by other sources in 1847. By this stage, some municipal governments had acted on their own initiative and passed private acts of Parliament to force through changes. Cholera Highlights the Need A cholera epidemic left India in 1817 and reached Sunderland in late 1831; London was affected by February 1832. Fifty percent of all cases proved fatal. Some towns set up quarantine boards, and they promoted whitewashing (cleaning clothing with chloride of lime) and speedy burials, but they were targeting disease under the miasma theory that disease was caused by floating vapors rather than the unrecognized infectious bacterium. Several leading surgeons recognized that cholera prevailed where sanitation and drainage were poor, but their ideas for improvement were temporarily ignored. In 1848 cholera returned to Britain, and the government resolved that something had to be done. The Public Health Act of 1848 The first Public Health act was passed in 1848 based on the recommendations of a Royal Commission. The act created a central Board of Health with a five-year mandate, to be considered for renewal at the end of that period. Three commissioners, including Chadwick, and a medical officer were appointed to the board. Wherever the death rate was worse than 23/1000, or where 10% of ratepayers requested assistance, the board would send an inspector to  authorize the town council to carry out duties and form a local board. These authorities would have powers over drainage, building regulations, water supplies,  paving, and rubbish. Inspections were to be carried out, and loans could be given. Chadwick took the opportunity to push his new interest in sewer technology to the local authorities. The act did not have much potency, because while it had the power to appoint boards and inspectors, that wasnt required, and local works were frequently held up by legal and financial obstacles. It was, however, much cheaper to set up a board than previously, with a local one costing just  £100. Some towns ignored the national board and set up their own private committees to avoid central interference. The central board worked hard, and between 1840 and 1855 they posted a hundred thousand letters, although it lost much of its teeth when Chadwick was forced from office and a switch to annual renewal was made. Overall, the act is considered to have failed as the death rate remained the same, and the problems remained, but it did establish a precedent for government intervention. Public Health after 1854 The central board was disbanded in 1854. By the mid-1860s, the government had come to a more positive and interventionist approach, spurred on by the 1866 cholera epidemic that clearly revealed the flaws in the earlier act. A set of innovations aided the progress, as in 1854 English physician John Snow showed how cholera could be spread by a water pump, and in 1865 Louis Pasteur demonstrated his germ theory of disease. The ability to vote was expanded to the urban working class in 1867, and politicians now had to make promises regarding public health to gain votes. Local authorities also began to take more of a lead. The 1866 Sanitary Act forced towns to appoint inspectors to check that water supplies and drainage were adequate. The 1871 Local Government Board Act placed public health and the poor law in the hands of empowered local governmental bodies and came about because of an 1869 Royal Sanitary Commission which recommended strong local government. 1875 Public Health Act In 1872 there was a Public Health Act, which split the country into sanitary areas, each of which had a medical officer. In 1875 Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli saw that several acts aimed at social improvements were passed, such as a new Public Health Act and an Artisan’s Dwellings Act. A Food and Drink Act was passed to attempt to improve diet. This set of public health acts rationalized previous legislation and was extremely influential. Local authorities were made responsible for a range of public health issues and given the powers to enforce decisions, including sewage, water, drains, waste disposal, public works, and lighting. These acts marked the beginning of a genuine, workable public health strategy, with responsibility shared between the local and national government, and the death rate finally began to fall. Further improvements were boosted by scientific discoveries. Koch discovered micro-organisms and separated out germs, including tuberculosis in 1882 and cholera in 1883. Vaccines were developed. Public health can still be a problem, but the changes in the role of government established in this period, both perceived and actual, are mostly ingrained into the modern consciousness and provide a working strategy to ameliorate problems as they arise.

Myself or Others Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Myself or Others - Case Study Example As much as one takes care of self-interest, he or she should have principles. The things that a person does will either positively or negatively influence his or her relationships. No one is an island; we all need people one way or another. Ethical egoism compared to ethical altruism is far apart, the former deals with self-interest while the latter deals with moral obligation to others. In the middle, there is utilitarianism which is independent and neutral. These are the major categories that different cultures fall into. Some cultures believe that, once parents become incapable of taking care of the family it becomes responsibility of the older child. This is a moral obligation that does not allow one to choose, which may lead to two different sentiments. One may take it positively and actually embrace the idea of being responsible for the others, putting his or own interests on hold. This is a great concept only when it does not turn one into a pauper. What am I saying? The fact that one can take care of others, simply means that they can afford to have basics. If they cannot have even mere basics because of others needs then it is morally wrong (Nina R, 2012) Another person may take it negatively, because he or she is just selfish in nature or may not understand why he or she should take responsibility, which is meant for parents. A person ends up doing it but, with a lot of protest. In both cases, the interest of a person may be delayed or even may remain unexecuted. As a result, there are things that may come up; for example, resentment towards the recipients, one may end up being a dwarf when it comes to development and at times because of fate, one may end up having unaccomplished dreams. According to me, an individual is supposed to balance. It is good to help parents and the community at large with regard to your capabilities. One has to ensure his or her comfort

Proposal to add a Day Care Facility at Work Essay

Proposal to add a Day Care Facility at Work - Essay Example Contemporary business leaders require dynamic workers who are capable of meeting the demands of a high-stress and competitive work environment. From a theoretical perspective, these workers would need to be both motivated and free of distraction to avoid performance-related failures. Hence, in many respects, as today’s businesses are often focused on teamwork and team-building philosophies, it becomes the responsibility of the business leaders to invent new and innovative measures to boost employee morale and job satisfaction. Our facility, ABC Industries, a leader in manufacture and sale of technological components for automotive sound systems, maintains a staff of nearly 800, running on two split 12 hour shifts. In this high-stress environment, turnover ratios have been significantly high in recent months due to production demands, putting a significant strain on the human resources budget. Additionally, worker performance on the production floor has been down nearly 25 percent in the same time period due to worker anxiety over personal versus work-related schedule conflicts. Recent communications and anonymous surveys with production workers have indicated a desperate need for a corporate day care facility to assist in the demands of balancing home and work life. Many of ABC’s staff members have suggested that high gasoline prices combined with escalating day care costs have made them financially-motivated to find other employment which might offer a more lucrative salary package. This is something ABC Industries cannot afford. In this difficult economic environment, budgetary guidelines need to constantly be considered. However, the costs to the business in terms of reduced productivity and turnover expenses far exceed the costs associated with managing an in-house day care facility. Budgetary issues will be outlined in greater depth throughout this proposal, however it is appropriate to discuss its